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Difference between revisions of "2021 Fall AMC 12B Problems/Problem 17"

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(→‎Solution 5 (Casework))
 
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~fidgetboss_4000
 
~fidgetboss_4000
  
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== Solution 2 (Recursion) ==
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==Solution 2 (Recursion)==
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 +
Let <math>p(i)</math> be such probability after <math>i</math> moves. <math>p(1)=1</math>, <math>p(2)=\frac{1}{2}</math>. Then, <math>p(3)=\frac{1}{3}\cdot \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{6}\cdot 1=\frac{1}{3}</math>. Then, we can prove the recursive formula <cmath>p(x)=\frac{1}{3}p(x-1)+\frac{1}{6}p(x-2).</cmath> Now, we evaluate <math>p(5)=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}</math>.
 +
 
 +
== Solution 3 (Recursion) ==
 
We use <math>(n,t)</math> to denote the bug's current state. We wish to find <math>P(0,5)</math>.
 
We use <math>(n,t)</math> to denote the bug's current state. We wish to find <math>P(0,5)</math>.
  
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~Steven Chen (www.professorchenedu.com)
 
~Steven Chen (www.professorchenedu.com)
  
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==Solution 3 (Generating Function)==
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==Solution 4 (Generating Function)==
  
 
Use a generating function, define <math>c_{n}\cdot x^{n}</math> be <math>c_{n}</math> ways for the destination be <math>n</math> units away from the origin.  
 
Use a generating function, define <math>c_{n}\cdot x^{n}</math> be <math>c_{n}</math> ways for the destination be <math>n</math> units away from the origin.  
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~wwei.yu
 
~wwei.yu
  
−
==Solution 4 (Casework)==
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==Solution 5 (Casework)==
  
 
In the following diagram, let <math>A</math> denote the vertex where the bug starts (shown in red) and <math>B</math> denote one of the <math>6</math> adjacent vertices (shown in green).
 
In the following diagram, let <math>A</math> denote the vertex where the bug starts (shown in red) and <math>B</math> denote one of the <math>6</math> adjacent vertices (shown in green).
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~MRENTHUSIASM
 
~MRENTHUSIASM
  
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==Solution 5 (Recursion)==
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==Solution 6 (Markov Chain)==
 +
We can use a Markov chain to represent the different states of the bug.
 +
[[File:MarkovChain-AMC12B-2021F-17.png|200px|thumb|left|]]
 +
Let "center" (C) represent the starting point, "1 away" (O) represent a point on the grid 1 move and 1 unit away from the starting point, and "2+ away" (T) represent the case where the bug has ventured more than 1 unit away from its starting point.
  
−
Let <math>p(i)</math> be such probability after <math>i</math> moves. <math>p(1)=1</math>, <math>p(2)=\frac{1}{2}</math>. Then, <math>p(3)=\frac{1}{3}\cdot \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{6}\cdot 1=\frac{1}{3}</math>. Then, we can prove the recursive formula <cmath>p(x)=\frac{1}{3}p(x-1)+\frac{1}{6}p(x-2).</cmath> Now, we evaluate <math>p(5)=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}</math>.
+
Notice that the bug must move to the 1 away state from the center. From there, it moves back to the center with a <math>\frac{1}{6}</math> probability, to a point 2 units away from the center with <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> probability, and to another point 1 unit away with <math>\frac{1}{3}</math> probability.
 +
 
 +
We are trying to find the probability that the bug does not reach the 2+ away state in 5 moves. To accomplish this, we can find the complement by listing out the cases that the bug does reach the 2+ away state in a specified number of moves.
 +
 
 +
Clearly, the bug cannot reach the 2+ away (T) state in 0 moves.
 +
 
 +
In 1 move, the bug can only reach the 1 away (O) state, so it cannot reach the T state in 1 move either.
 +
 
 +
In 2 moves, the bug can move to the O state followed by the T state with probability <math>1*\frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{2}</math>.
 +
 
 +
In 3 moves, the bug can follow the pattern OOT with probability <math>1*\frac{1}{3}*\frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{6}</math>.
 +
 
 +
In 4 moves, the bug can follow the paths of OOOT or OCOT, with probabilities <math>\frac{1}{18}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{12}</math> respectively.
 +
 
 +
In 5 moves, the bug can follow the paths of OOOOT, OCOOT, or OOCOT, with probabilities <math>\frac{1}{54}</math>, <math>\frac{1}{36}</math>, and <math>\frac{1}{36}</math>.  
 +
 
 +
Adding up these probabilities, we obtain <math>\frac{95}{108}</math>. Finding the complement of this, we subtract from 1 to get the answer of <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}</math>.
 +
<math>\newline</math>
 +
~diyarv
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
 
{{AMC12 box|year=2021 Fall|ab=B|num-a=18|num-b=16}}
 
{{AMC12 box|year=2021 Fall|ab=B|num-a=18|num-b=16}}
 +
 +
[[Category:Intermediate Combinatorics Problems]]
 
{{MAA Notice}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}

Latest revision as of 21:44, 2 November 2024

Problem

A bug starts at a vertex of a grid made of equilateral triangles of side length $1$. At each step the bug moves in one of the $6$ possible directions along the grid lines randomly and independently with equal probability. What is the probability that after $5$ moves the bug never will have been more than $1$ unit away from the starting position?

$\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108} \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \frac{7}{54} \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \frac{29}{216} \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \frac{4}{27} \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \frac{1}{16}$

Solution 1 (Recursion)

Let $S(n)$ be the number of paths of $n$ moves such that the bug never will have been more than $1$ unit away from the starting position. Clearly, by symmetry, there are two possible states here, the bug being on the center and the bug being on one of the vertices of the unit hexagon around the center. Let $C(n)$ be the number of paths with the aforementioned restriction that end on the center. Let $V(n)$ be the number of paths with the aforementioned restriction that end on a vertex of the surrounding unit hexagon. We have $S(n) = 6C(n-1) + 3V(n-1),$ since from the center, there are $6$ possible points to land to and from a vertex there are $3$ possible points to land to (the two adjacent vertices and the center). We also have $C(n) = V(n-1)$, since to get to the center the bug must have come from a vertex, and $V(n) = 2V(n-1) + 6C(n-1),$ since from a vertex there are two vertices to move to, and from the center there are $6$ vertices to move to. We can construct a recursion table using the base cases $V(1) = 6$ and $C(1) = 0$ and our recursive rules for $C(n)$ and $V(n)$ as follows: \[\begin{array}{c|c|c} n & V(n) & C(n) \\ \hline & & \\ [-2ex] 1 & 6 & 0 \\ 2 & 12 & 6 \\ 3 & 60 & 12 \\ 4 & 192 & 60 \\ \end{array}\] Then, $S(5) = 6C(4) + 3V(4) = 6 \cdot 60 + 3 \cdot 192 = 936,$ and the desired probability is thus $\frac{936}{6^5} = \boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}.$

~fidgetboss_4000

Solution 2 (Recursion)

Let $p(i)$ be such probability after $i$ moves. $p(1)=1$, $p(2)=\frac{1}{2}$. Then, $p(3)=\frac{1}{3}\cdot \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{6}\cdot 1=\frac{1}{3}$. Then, we can prove the recursive formula \[p(x)=\frac{1}{3}p(x-1)+\frac{1}{6}p(x-2).\] Now, we evaluate $p(5)=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}$.

Solution 3 (Recursion)

We use $(n,t)$ to denote the bug's current state. We wish to find $P(0,5)$.

The first argument $n$ denotes the bug's current position. We use $n = 0$ to denote the bug's starting point. We use $n = 1$ to denote any point whose distance to the bug's starting point is $1$.

The second argument $t$ denotes the remaining number of moves the bug has.

For $n = 0$ and $t \geq 1$, we have \[P(0,t) = P(1,t-1).\] For $n = 1$ and $t \geq 1$, we have \[P(1,t) = \frac{1}{6} P(0,t-1) + \frac{1}{3} P(1,t-1).\] For $n \in \left\{ 0 , 1 \right\}$ and $t = 0$, we have \[P(n,0) = 1.\] We solve this recursive equation by using backward induction: \[\begin{array}{ll} P(0,1) = 1, & P(1,1) = \frac{1}{2}, \\ [1ex] P(0,2) = \frac{1}{2}, & P(1,2) = \frac{1}{3}, \\ [1ex] P(0,3) = \frac{1}{3}, & P(1,3) = \frac{7}{36}, \\ [1ex] P(0,4) = \frac{7}{36}, & P(1,4) = \frac{13}{108}. \end{array}\] Therefore, the answer is $P(0,5) = P(1,4) = \boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}$.

~Steven Chen (www.professorchenedu.com)

Solution 4 (Generating Function)

Use a generating function, define $c_{n}\cdot x^{n}$ be $c_{n}$ ways for the destination be $n$ units away from the origin.

We conclude that:

  • If the current point is origin, then we need to multiply by $6x$.
  • If the current point on vertex of the unit hexagon, then we need to multiply by $x^{-1}+2$, where there is $1$ way to return to the origin and there are two ways to keep distance $1$.

Now let's start with $p(x)=1$.

$1$st step: $p(x)=6x$

$2$nd step: $p(x)=6x\cdot(x^{-1}+2) = 6 + 12x$

$3$rd step: $p(x)=6\cdot6x + 12x\cdot(x^{-1}+2) = 12 + 60x$

$4$th step: $p(x)=12\cdot6x + 60x\cdot(x^{-1}+2) = 60 + 192x$

$5$th step: $p(x)=60\cdot6x + 192x\cdot(x^{-1}+2) = 192 + 744x$

So, there are $192+744=936$ ways for the bug never moves more than $1$ unit away from origin. The answer is $\frac{936}{6^5} = \boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}$.

~wwei.yu

Solution 5 (Casework)

In the following diagram, let $A$ denote the vertex where the bug starts (shown in red) and $B$ denote one of the $6$ adjacent vertices (shown in green). [asy] /* Made by MRENTHUSIASM */ size(150); pair[] A, B, C; for (int i = 0; i <= 5; ++i) { A[i] = dir(60*i); B[i] = 2 * dir(60*i); C[i] = sqrt(3) * dir(30+60i); } draw(B[2]--B[3]^^C[1]--C[3]^^B[1]--B[4]^^C[0]--C[4]^^B[0]--B[5]^^B[3]--B[4]^^C[2]--C[4]^^B[2]--B[5]^^C[1]--C[5]^^B[1]--B[0]^^B[2]--B[1]^^C[2]--C[0]^^B[3]--B[0]^^C[3]--C[5]^^B[4]--B[5]); dot(origin,red+linewidth(5)); for (int i = 0; i <= 5; ++i) { dot(A[i],green+linewidth(5)); dot(B[i],linewidth(5)); dot(C[i],linewidth(5)); } [/asy] Note that:

  • If the bug is at $A,$ then the probability that it moves to $B$ next is $1.$
  • If the bug is at $B,$ then the probability that it moves to $A$ next is $\frac16.$
  • If the bug is at $B,$ then the probability that it moves to $B$ next is $\frac13.$

We apply casework to the possible paths of the bug:

  1. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow A \rightarrow B \rightarrow A \rightarrow B$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac16\cdot1\cdot\frac16\cdot1=\frac{1}{36}.$

  2. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow A$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac16\cdot1\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac16=\frac{1}{108}.$

  3. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow A \rightarrow B \rightarrow A$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac16\cdot1\cdot\frac16=\frac{1}{108}.$

  4. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow B$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac16\cdot1\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac13=\frac{1}{54}.$

  5. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac16\cdot1\cdot\frac13=\frac{1}{54}.$

  6. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow A \rightarrow B$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac16\cdot1=\frac{1}{54}.$

  7. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow A$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac16=\frac{1}{162}.$

  8. $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow B \rightarrow B$

    The probability for this case is $1\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac13\cdot\frac13=\frac{1}{81}.$

Together, the answer is \[\frac{1}{36}+\frac{1}{108}+\frac{1}{108}+\frac{1}{54}+\frac{1}{54}+\frac{1}{54}+\frac{1}{162}+\frac{1}{81}=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}.\] ~MRENTHUSIASM

Solution 6 (Markov Chain)

We can use a Markov chain to represent the different states of the bug.

MarkovChain-AMC12B-2021F-17.png

Let "center" (C) represent the starting point, "1 away" (O) represent a point on the grid 1 move and 1 unit away from the starting point, and "2+ away" (T) represent the case where the bug has ventured more than 1 unit away from its starting point.

Notice that the bug must move to the 1 away state from the center. From there, it moves back to the center with a $\frac{1}{6}$ probability, to a point 2 units away from the center with $\frac{1}{2}$ probability, and to another point 1 unit away with $\frac{1}{3}$ probability.

We are trying to find the probability that the bug does not reach the 2+ away state in 5 moves. To accomplish this, we can find the complement by listing out the cases that the bug does reach the 2+ away state in a specified number of moves.

Clearly, the bug cannot reach the 2+ away (T) state in 0 moves.

In 1 move, the bug can only reach the 1 away (O) state, so it cannot reach the T state in 1 move either.

In 2 moves, the bug can move to the O state followed by the T state with probability $1*\frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{2}$.

In 3 moves, the bug can follow the pattern OOT with probability $1*\frac{1}{3}*\frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{6}$.

In 4 moves, the bug can follow the paths of OOOT or OCOT, with probabilities $\frac{1}{18}$ and $\frac{1}{12}$ respectively.

In 5 moves, the bug can follow the paths of OOOOT, OCOOT, or OOCOT, with probabilities $\frac{1}{54}$, $\frac{1}{36}$, and $\frac{1}{36}$.

Adding up these probabilities, we obtain $\frac{95}{108}$. Finding the complement of this, we subtract from 1 to get the answer of $\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ \frac{13}{108}}$. $\newline$ ~diyarv

See Also

2021 Fall AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 16 		Followed by
Problem 18
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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