Difference between revisions of "2013 AIME I Problems/Problem 5"
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− | ==Problem | + | == Problem == |
+ | The real root of the equation <math>8x^3 - 3x^2 - 3x - 1 = 0</math> can be written in the form <math>\frac{\sqrt[3]a + \sqrt[3]b + 1}{c}</math>, where <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math> are positive integers. Find <math>a+b+c</math>. | ||
+ | __TOC__ | ||
+ | == Solutions == | ||
+ | === Solution 1 === | ||
+ | We have that <math>9x^3 = (x+1)^3</math>, so it follows that <math>\sqrt[3]{9}x = x+1</math>. Solving for <math>x</math> yields <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{9}-1} = \frac{\sqrt[3]{81}+\sqrt[3]{9}+1}{8}</math>, so the answer is <math>\boxed{98}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 2 === | ||
+ | Let <math>r</math> be the real root of the given [[polynomial]]. Now define the cubic polynomial <math>Q(x)=-x^3-3x^2-3x+8</math>. Note that <math>1/r</math> must be a root of <math>Q</math>. However we can simplify <math>Q</math> as <math>Q(x)=9-(x+1)^3</math>, so we must have that <math>(\frac{1}{r}+1)^3=9</math>. Thus <math>\frac{1}{r}=\sqrt[3]{9}-1</math>, and <math>r=\frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{9}-1}</math>. We can then multiply the numerator and denominator of <math>r</math> by <math>\sqrt[3]{81}+\sqrt[3]{9}+1</math> to rationalize the denominator, and we therefore have <math>r=\frac{\sqrt[3]{81}+\sqrt[3]{9}+1}{8}</math>, and the answer is <math>\boxed{98}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 3 === | ||
+ | It is clear that for the algebraic degree of <math>x</math> to be <math>3</math> that there exists some cubefree integer <math>p</math> and positive integers <math>m,n</math> such that <math>a = m^3p</math> and <math>b = n^3p^2</math> (it is possible that <math>b = n^3p</math>, but then the problem wouldn't ask for both an <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>). Let <math>f_1</math> be the [[automorpism]] over <math>\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt[3]{a}][\omega]</math> which sends <math>\sqrt[3]{a} \to \omega \sqrt[3]{a}</math> and <math>f_2</math> which sends <math>\sqrt[3]{a} \to \omega^2 \sqrt[3]{a}</math> (note : <math>\omega</math> is a cubic [[root of unity]]). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Letting <math>r</math> be the root, we clearly we have <math>r + f_1(r) + f_2(r) = \frac{3}{8}</math> by Vieta's. Thus it follows <math>c=8</math>. | ||
+ | Now, note that <math>\sqrt[3]{a} + \sqrt[3]{b} + 1</math> is a root of <math>x^3 - 3x^2 - 24x - 64 = 0</math>. Thus <math>(x-1)^3 = 27x + 63</math> so <math>(\sqrt[3]{a} + \sqrt[3]{b})^3 = 27(\sqrt[3]{a} + \sqrt[3]{b}) + 90</math>. Checking the non-cubicroot dimension part, we get <math>a + b = 90</math> so it follows that <math>a + b + c = \boxed{98}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 4 === | ||
+ | We proceed by using the [[cubic formula]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let <math>a=8</math>, <math>b=-3</math>, <math>c=-3</math>, and <math>d=-1</math>. Then let <math>m=\left(\dfrac{-b^3}{27a^3}+\dfrac{bc}{6a^2}-\dfrac{d}{2a}\right)</math> and <math>n=\left(\dfrac{c}{3a}-\dfrac{b^2}{9a^2}\right)</math>. Then the real root of <math>ax^3+bx^2+cx+d</math> is | ||
+ | <cmath>\sqrt[3]{m+\sqrt{m^2+n^3}}+\sqrt[3]{m-\sqrt{m^2+n^3}}-\dfrac{b}{3a}</cmath> | ||
+ | Now note that | ||
+ | <cmath>m=\dfrac{27}{27\cdot 512}+\dfrac{3}{128}+\dfrac{1}{16}=\dfrac{1}{512}+\dfrac{12}{512}+\dfrac{32}{512}=\dfrac{45}{512}</cmath> | ||
+ | and | ||
+ | <cmath>n=\dfrac{-3}{24}-\dfrac{9}{576}=\dfrac{-9}{64}</cmath> | ||
+ | Thus | ||
+ | <cmath>r=\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{45}{512}+\sqrt{\dfrac{45^2}{512^2}-\dfrac{9^3}{64^3}}}+\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{45}{512}-\sqrt{\dfrac{45^2}{512^2}-\dfrac{9^3}{64^3}}}+\dfrac{3}{24}</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>=\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{45}{512}+\sqrt{\dfrac{45^2 - 729}{2^{18}}}}+\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{45}{512}-\sqrt{\dfrac{45^2 - 729}{2^{18}}}}+\dfrac{1}{8}</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>=\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{45}{512}+\dfrac{36}{512}}+\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{45}{512}-\dfrac{36}{512}}+\dfrac{1}{8}</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>=\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{81}}{8}+\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{9}}{8}+\dfrac{1}{8}=\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{81}+\sqrt[3]{9}+1}{8}</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | == See Also == | ||
+ | {{AIME box|year=1983|before=First Question|num-a=2}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]] |
Revision as of 16:41, 16 March 2013
Problem
The real root of the equation can be written in the form , where , , and are positive integers. Find .
Contents
Solutions
Solution 1
We have that , so it follows that . Solving for yields , so the answer is .
Solution 2
Let be the real root of the given polynomial. Now define the cubic polynomial . Note that must be a root of . However we can simplify as , so we must have that . Thus , and . We can then multiply the numerator and denominator of by to rationalize the denominator, and we therefore have , and the answer is .
Solution 3
It is clear that for the algebraic degree of to be that there exists some cubefree integer and positive integers such that and (it is possible that , but then the problem wouldn't ask for both an and ). Let be the automorpism over which sends and which sends (note : is a cubic root of unity).
Letting be the root, we clearly we have by Vieta's. Thus it follows . Now, note that is a root of . Thus so . Checking the non-cubicroot dimension part, we get so it follows that .
Solution 4
We proceed by using the cubic formula.
Let , , , and . Then let and . Then the real root of is Now note that and Thus
See Also
1983 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by First Question |
Followed by Problem 2 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |