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Difference between revisions of "2000 AIME II Problems/Problem 13"
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Thus <math>r=\frac{-1+\sqrt{161}}{40}</math>, and so the final answer is <math>-1+161+40 = \boxed{200}</math>.
 
Thus <math>r=\frac{-1+\sqrt{161}}{40}</math>, and so the final answer is <math>-1+161+40 = \boxed{200}</math>.
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<br />
 
{{note|1}} A well-known technique for dealing with symmetric (or in this case, nearly symmetric) polynomials is to divide through by a power of <math>x</math> with half of the polynomial's degree (in this case, divide through by <math>x^3</math>), and then to use one of the substitutions <math>t = x \pm \frac{1}{x}</math>. In this case, the substitution <math>t = x\sqrt{10} - \frac{1}{x\sqrt{10}}</math> gives <math>t^2 + 2 = 10x^2 + \frac 1{10x^2}</math> and <math>2\sqrt{10}(t^3 + 3t) = 200x^3 - \frac{2}{10x^3}</math>, which reduces the polynomial to just <math>(t^2 + 3)\left(2\sqrt{10}t + 1\right) = 0</math>. Then one can backwards solve for <math>x</math>.
 
{{note|1}} A well-known technique for dealing with symmetric (or in this case, nearly symmetric) polynomials is to divide through by a power of <math>x</math> with half of the polynomial's degree (in this case, divide through by <math>x^3</math>), and then to use one of the substitutions <math>t = x \pm \frac{1}{x}</math>. In this case, the substitution <math>t = x\sqrt{10} - \frac{1}{x\sqrt{10}}</math> gives <math>t^2 + 2 = 10x^2 + \frac 1{10x^2}</math> and <math>2\sqrt{10}(t^3 + 3t) = 200x^3 - \frac{2}{10x^3}</math>, which reduces the polynomial to just <math>(t^2 + 3)\left(2\sqrt{10}t + 1\right) = 0</math>. Then one can backwards solve for <math>x</math>.
  
 +
== Solution 2 (Complex Bash)==
 +
It would be really nice if the coefficients were symmetrical. What if we make the substitution, <math>x = -\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}}y</math>. The the polynomial becomes <math>\\$
 +
</math>-2y^6 - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y^5 + (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y^3 - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y - 2\\$
 +
It's symmetric! Dividing by <math>y^3</math> and rearranging, we get <math>\\$
 +
</math>-2(y^3 + \frac{1}{y^3}) - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})(y^2 + \frac{1}{y^2}) + (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})\\$
 +
Now, if we let <math>z = y + \frac{1}{y}</math>, we can get the equations <math>\\$
 +
</math>z = y + \frac{1}{y}\\$
 +
<math>z^2 - 2 = y^2 + \frac{1}{y^2}\\$
 +
</math>z^3 - 3z = y^3 + \frac{1}{y^3}\\$
 +
(These come from squaring <math>z</math> and subtracting <math>2</math>, then multiplying that result by <math>z</math> and subtracting <math>z</math>) <math>\\$
 +
Plugging this into our polynomial, expanding, and rearranging, we get </math>\\$
 +
<math>-2z^3 - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})z^2 + 6z + (\frac{3i}{\sqrt{10}})\\$
 +
Now, we see that the two </math>i<math> terms must cancel in order to get this polynomial equal to </math>0<math>, so what squared equals 3? Plugging in </math>z = \sqrt{3}<math> into the polynomial, we see that it works! Is there something else that equals 3 when squared? Trying </math>z = -\sqrt{3}<math>, we see that it also works! Great, we use long division on the polynomial by </math>(z - \sqrt{3})(z + \sqrt{3}) = (z^2 - 3)<math> and we get </math>\\$
 +
<math>2z -(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}}) = 0</math>, we know that the other two solutions for z wouldn't result in real solutions for <math>x</math> since we have to solve a quadratic with a negative discriminant, then multiply by <math>-(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})</math>. We get that <math>z = (\frac{i}{-2\sqrt{10}})</math>. Solving for <math>y</math> (using <math>y + \frac{1}{y} = z</math>) we get that <math>y = \frac{-i \pm \sqrt{161}i}{4\sqrt{10}}</math>, and multiplying this by <math>-(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})</math> (because <math>x = -(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y</math>) we get that <math>x = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{161}}{40}</math> for a final answer of <math>-1 + 161 + 40 = \boxed{200}</math>
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
 
{{AIME box|year=2000|n=II|num-b=12|num-a=14}}
 
{{AIME box|year=2000|n=II|num-b=12|num-a=14}}

Revision as of 21:14, 5 October 2019

Problem

The equation $2000x^6+100x^5+10x^3+x-2=0$ has exactly two real roots, one of which is $\frac{m+\sqrt{n}}r$, where $m$, $n$ and $r$ are integers, $m$ and $r$ are relatively prime, and $r>0$. Find $m+n+r$.

Solution

We may factor the equation as:[1]

\begin{align*} 2000x^6+100x^5+10x^3+x-2&=0\\ 2(1000x^6-1) + x(100x^4+10x^2+1)&=0\\ 2[(10x^2)^3-1]+x[(10x^2)^2+(10x^2)+1]&=0\\ 2(10x^2-1)[(10x^2)^2+(10x^2)+1]+x[(10x^2)^2+(10x^2)+1]&=0\\ (20x^2+x-2)(100x^4+10x^2+1)&=0\\ \end{align*}

Now $100x^4+10x^2+1\ge 1>0$ for real $x$. Thus the real roots must be the roots of the equation $20x^2+x-2=0$. By the quadratic formula the roots of this are:

\[x=\frac{-1\pm\sqrt{1^2-4(-2)(20)}}{40} = \frac{-1\pm\sqrt{1+160}}{40} = \frac{-1\pm\sqrt{161}}{40}.\]

Thus $r=\frac{-1+\sqrt{161}}{40}$, and so the final answer is $-1+161+40 = \boxed{200}$.


^ A well-known technique for dealing with symmetric (or in this case, nearly symmetric) polynomials is to divide through by a power of $x$ with half of the polynomial's degree (in this case, divide through by $x^3$), and then to use one of the substitutions $t = x \pm \frac{1}{x}$. In this case, the substitution $t = x\sqrt{10} - \frac{1}{x\sqrt{10}}$ gives $t^2 + 2 = 10x^2 + \frac 1{10x^2}$ and $2\sqrt{10}(t^3 + 3t) = 200x^3 - \frac{2}{10x^3}$, which reduces the polynomial to just $(t^2 + 3)\left(2\sqrt{10}t + 1\right) = 0$. Then one can backwards solve for $x$.

Solution 2 (Complex Bash)

It would be really nice if the coefficients were symmetrical. What if we make the substitution, $x = -\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}}y$. The the polynomial becomes $\$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)-2y^6 - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y^5 + (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y^3 - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y - 2\$ It's symmetric! Dividing by $y^3$ and rearranging, we get $\$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)-2(y^3 + \frac{1}{y^3}) - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})(y^2 + \frac{1}{y^2}) + (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})\$ Now, if we let $z = y + \frac{1}{y}$, we can get the equations $\$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)z = y + \frac{1}{y}\$ $z^2 - 2 = y^2 + \frac{1}{y^2}\$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)z^3 - 3z = y^3 + \frac{1}{y^3}\$ (These come from squaring $z$ and subtracting $2$, then multiplying that result by $z$ and subtracting $z$) $\$ Plugging this into our polynomial, expanding, and rearranging, we get$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)\$ $-2z^3 - (\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})z^2 + 6z + (\frac{3i}{\sqrt{10}})\$ Now, we see that the two$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)i$terms must cancel in order to get this polynomial equal to$0$, so what squared equals 3? Plugging in$z = \sqrt{3}$into the polynomial, we see that it works! Is there something else that equals 3 when squared? Trying$z = -\sqrt{3}$, we see that it also works! Great, we use long division on the polynomial by$(z - \sqrt{3})(z + \sqrt{3}) = (z^2 - 3)$and we get$\$ $2z -(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}}) = 0$, we know that the other two solutions for z wouldn't result in real solutions for $x$ since we have to solve a quadratic with a negative discriminant, then multiply by $-(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})$. We get that $z = (\frac{i}{-2\sqrt{10}})$. Solving for $y$ (using $y + \frac{1}{y} = z$) we get that $y = \frac{-i \pm \sqrt{161}i}{4\sqrt{10}}$, and multiplying this by $-(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})$ (because $x = -(\frac{i}{\sqrt{10}})y$) we get that $x = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{161}}{40}$ for a final answer of $-1 + 161 + 40 = \boxed{200}$

See also

2000 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 12 		Followed by
Problem 14
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
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