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Difference between revisions of "2017 AIME I Problems/Problem 8"
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Impose a coordinate system as follows:
 
Impose a coordinate system as follows:
  
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Let the midpoint of <math>\overline{OP}</math> be the origin, and let <math>\overline{OP}</math> be the x-axis. We construct a circle with center at the origin with radius 100. Since <math>\angle OQP</math> and <math>\angle ORP</math> are both right angles, points <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math> are on our circle. Place <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math> in the first quadrant of the Cartesian Plane. Suppose we construct <math>Q'</math> and <math>R'</math> such that they are clockwise rotations of <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math>, respectively by an angle of <math>2b</math> degrees. Thus, we see that <math>\overline{QR}=100\sqrt{2}\sqrt{\cos(2|a-b|)}</math>. We want this quantity to be less than <math>100</math>. This happens when <math>\cos(2|a-b|) \ge 1/2,</math> or when <math>|a-b| \le 30^{\{circ}}.</math> The probability that the last inequality is satisfied is <math>16/25</math>. Therefore, the probability that <math>QR</math> is less than 100 is <math>\boxed{16/25}</math>.
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Let the midpoint of <math>\overline{OP}</math> be the origin, and let <math>\overline{OP}</math> be the x-axis. We construct a circle with center at the origin with radius 100. Since <math>\angle OQP</math> and <math>\angle ORP</math> are both right angles, points <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math> are on our circle. Place <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math> in the first quadrant of the Cartesian Plane. Suppose we construct <math>Q'</math> and <math>R'</math> such that they are clockwise rotations of <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math>, respectively by an angle of <math>2b</math> degrees. Thus, we see that <math>\overline{QR}=100\sqrt{2}\sqrt{\cos(2|a-b|)}</math>. We want this quantity to be less than <math>100</math>. This happens when <math>\cos(2|a-b|) \ge 1/2,</math> or when <math>|a-b|\le 30^{\circ}</math>. The probability that the last inequality is satisfied is <math>16/25</math>. Therefore, the probability that <math>QR</math> is less than <math>100</math> is <math>\boxed{16/25}</math>.
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
 
{{AIME box|year=2017|n=I|num-b=7|num-a=9}}
 
{{AIME box|year=2017|n=I|num-b=7|num-a=9}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}

Revision as of 20:40, 11 August 2021

Problem 8

Two real numbers $a$ and $b$ are chosen independently and uniformly at random from the interval $(0, 75)$. Let $O$ and $P$ be two points on the plane with $OP = 200$. Let $Q$ and $R$ be on the same side of line $OP$ such that the degree measures of $\angle POQ$ and $\angle POR$ are $a$ and $b$ respectively, and $\angle OQP$ and $\angle ORP$ are both right angles. The probability that $QR \leq 100$ is equal to $\frac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m + n$.

Solution 1

Noting that $\angle OQP$ and $\angle ORP$ are right angles, we realize that we can draw a semicircle with diameter $\overline{OP}$ and points $Q$ and $R$ on the semicircle. Since the radius of the semicircle is $100$, if $\overline{QR} \leq 100$, then $\overarc{QR}$ must be less than or equal to $60^{\circ}$.

This simplifies the problem greatly. Since the degree measure of an angle on a circle is simply half the degree measure of its subtended arc, the problem is simply asking:

Given $a, b$ such that $0<a, b<75$, what is the probability that $|a-b| \leq 30$? Through simple geometric probability, we get that $P = \frac{16}{25}$.

The answer is $16+25=\boxed{041}$

~IYN~ Note: The Geometric probability can be easily be found through graphic through the x-y plane.

Solution 2 (Trig Bash)

Put $\triangle POQ$ and $\triangle POR$ with $O$ on the origin and the triangles on the $1^{st}$ quadrant. The coordinates of $Q$ and $P$ is $(200 \cos^{2}a,200 \cos a\sin a )$, $(200\cos^{2}b,200\cos(b)\sin b)$. So $PQ^{2}$ = $(200 \cos^{2} a - 200 \cos^{2} b)^{2} +(200 \cos a \sin a - 200 \cos b \sin b)^{2}$, which we want to be less then $100^{2}$. So $(200 \cos^{2} a - 200 \cos^{2} b)^{2} +(200 \cos a \sin a - 200 \cos b \sin b)^{2} <= 100^{2}$ \[(\cos^{2} a - \cos^{2} b)^{2} +(\cos a \sin a - \cos b \sin b)^{2} \le \frac{1}{4}\] \[\cos^{4} a + \cos^{4} b - 2\cos^{2} a \cos^{2} b +\cos^{2}a \sin^{2} a + \cos^{2} b \sin^{2} b - 2 \cos a \sin a \cos b \sin b \le \frac{1}{4}\] \[\cos^{2} a(\cos^{2} a + \sin^{2} a)+\cos^{2} b(\cos^{2} b+\sin^{2} b) - 2\cos^{2} a \cos^{2} b- 2 \cos a \sin a \cos b \sin b \le \frac{1}{4}\] \[\cos^{2} a(1-\cos^{2} b)+\cos^{2} b(1-\cos^{2} a) - 2 \cos a \sin a \cos b \sin b \le \frac{1}{4}\] \[(\cos a\sin b)^{2} +(\cos b\sin a)^{2} - 2 (\cos a \sin b)(\cos b \sin a)\le \frac{1}{4}\] \[(\cos a\sin b-\cos b\sin a)^{2}\le \frac{1}{4}\] \[\sin^{2} (b-a) \le \frac{1}{4}\] So we want $-\frac{1}{2} \le \sin (b-a) \le \frac{1}{2}$, which is equivalent to $-30 \le b-a \le 30$ or $150 \le b-a \le 210$. The second inequality is impossible so we only consider what the first inequality does to our $75$ by $75$ box in the $ab$ plane. This cuts off two isosceles right triangles from opposite corners with side lengths $45$ from the $75$ by $75$ box. Hence the probability is $1-\frac{45^2}{75^2} = 1- \frac{9}{25}=\frac{16}{25}$ and the answer is $16+25 = \boxed{41}$

Solution by Leesisi

Solution 3 (Quicker Trig)

[asy] pair O, P, Q, R; draw(circle(O, 10)); O = (10, 0); P = (-10, 0); Q = (10*cos(pi/3), 10*sin(pi/3)); R = (10*cos(5*pi/6), 10*sin(5*pi/6)); dot(Q); dot(O); dot(P); dot(R); draw(P--O--Q--P--R--O); draw(Q--R, red); label("$O$", O, 2*E); label("$P$", P, 2*W); label("$Q$", Q, NE); label("$R$", R, NW); label("$200$", (0,0), 2*S); label("$x$", (Q+R)/2, N); draw(rightanglemark(O, Q, P, 38)); draw(rightanglemark(O, R, P, 38)); [/asy] Let $QR=x.$ Since we are given many angles in the problem, we can compute the lengths of some of the lines in terms of trigonometric functions: $OQ = 200 \cos a, PQ = 200 \sin a, PR = 200 \sin b, OR = 200 \cos b.$ Now observe that quadrilateral $OQRP$ is a cyclic quadrilateral. Thus, we are able to apply Ptolemy's Theorem to it: \[200 x + (200 \cos a) (200 \sin b) = (200 \sin a) (200 \cos b),\] \[x + 200 (\cos a \sin b) = 200 (\sin a \cos b),\] \[x = 200(\sin a \cos b - \sin b \cos a),\] \[x = 200 \sin(a-b).\] We want $|x| \le 100$ (the absolute value comes from the fact that $a$ is not necessarily greater than $b,$ so we cannot assume that $Q$ is to the right of $R$ as in the diagram), so we substitute: \[|200 \sin(a-b)| \le 100,\] \[|\sin(a-b)| \le \frac{1}{2},\] \[|a-b| \le 30 ^\circ,\] \[-30 \le a-b \le 30.\] By simple geometric probability (see Solution 2 for complete explanation), $\frac{m}{n} = 1 - \frac{2025}{5625} = 1 - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{16}{25},$ so $m+n = \boxed{041}.$

~burunduchok

Solution 4

Scale the circle down from radius 100 (diameter 200) to radius 6 (diameter 12). Then we want the probability that $PQ \le 6$. Now note that all possible $P$ and $Q$ lie on a $5\pi$ interval on the circumference of the circle. But for $PQ<6$, $P$ and $Q$ must be less than $2\pi$ apart on the circumference of the circle. Simple geometric probability gives us $\frac{16}{25}$, so the answer is $41$. (Professor-Mom)

Solution 5

Impose a coordinate system as follows:

Let the midpoint of $\overline{OP}$ be the origin, and let $\overline{OP}$ be the x-axis. We construct a circle with center at the origin with radius 100. Since $\angle OQP$ and $\angle ORP$ are both right angles, points $Q$ and $R$ are on our circle. Place $Q$ and $R$ in the first quadrant of the Cartesian Plane. Suppose we construct $Q'$ and $R'$ such that they are clockwise rotations of $Q$ and $R$, respectively by an angle of $2b$ degrees. Thus, we see that $\overline{QR}=100\sqrt{2}\sqrt{\cos(2|a-b|)}$. We want this quantity to be less than $100$. This happens when $\cos(2|a-b|) \ge 1/2,$ or when $|a-b|\le 30^{\circ}$. The probability that the last inequality is satisfied is $16/25$. Therefore, the probability that $QR$ is less than $100$ is $\boxed{16/25}$.

See Also

2017 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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Problem 7 		Followed by
Problem 9
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All AIME Problems and Solutions

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