1985 AIME Problems/Problem 10
Problem
How many of the first 1000 positive integers can be expressed in the form
,
where is a real number, and denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to ?
Contents
Solution
We will be able to reach the same number of integers while ranges from 0 to 1 as we will when ranges from to for any integer (Quick proof: ). Since , the answer must be exactly 50 times the number of integers we will be able to reach as ranges from 0 to 1, including 1 but excluding 0.
Solution 1
Noting that all of the numbers are even, we can reduce this to any real number between to , as this will be equivalent to to for any integer (same reasoning as above). So now we only need to test every 10 numbers; and our answer will be 100 times the number of integers we can reach between 1 and 10.
We can now approach this by directly searching for the integers (this solution) or brute forcing all of the cases (next solution):
We can match up the greatest integer functions with one of the partitions of the integer. If we let then we get the solution ; now consider when : , , , . But according to this the maximum we can get is , so we only need to try the first 6 numbers.
- : Easily possible, for example try plugging in .
- : Also simple, for example using .
- : The partition must either be or . If , then , but then ; not possible; and vice versa to show that the latter partition doesn't work. So we cannot obtain .
- : We can partition as , and from the previous case we see that works.
- : We can partition as , from which we find that works.
- : We can partition as , from which we find that works.
Out of these 6 cases, only 3 fails. So between 1 and 10 we can reach only the integers ; hence our solution is .
Solution 2
As we change the value of , the value of our expression changes only when crosses rational number of the form , where is divisible by 2, 4, 6 or 8. Thus, we need only see what happens at the numbers of the form . This gives us 24 calculations to make; we summarize the results here:
Thus, we hit 12 of the first 20 integers and so we hit of the first .
Solution 2 Shortcut
Because are all multiples of , we can speed things up. We only need to check up to , and the rest should repeat. As shown before, we hit 6 integers () from to . Similarly, this should repeat 100 times, for
Solution 3
Recall from Hermite's Identity that . Then we can rewrite . There are terms here (we don't actually have to write all of it out; we can just see where there will be duplicates and subtract accordingly from ). Starting from every integer , we can keep adding to achieve one higher value for each of these terms, but after raising the last term, we will have raised the whole sum by while only achieving of those values. We can conveniently shift the (since it can be achieved) to the position of the so that there are only complete cycles of , and the answer is .
Solution 5
Let then Similar to the previous solutions, the value of changes when , where , . Using Euler's Totient Function to obtain different values for . (note that here Euler's Totient Function counts the number of where , are relatively prime so that the values of won't overlap.).
Thus if can be expressed as , then for some non-negative integers , , where there are values for .
Exclusively, there are values for in the range , or ordered pairs .
If , , which includes ordered pairs.
If , , which includes ordered pair.
In total, there are values for .
~ Nafer
Solution 6
To simplify the question, let . Then, the expression in the question becomes .
Let represent the non-integer part of (For example, ). Then,
Since is always an integer, will be a multiple of 10. Thus, we look for the range of the other part of the expression. We will be able to reach the same numbers when ranges from to , because the curly brackets () gets rid of any integer part. Let the combined integer part of , , and be (In other words, ). Then,
The maximum value of will be when is slightly less than , which means . As increases from to , will increase whenever , , or is an integer, which happens when hits one of the numbers in the set . When reaches , both and will be an integer, so will increase by . For all the other numbers in the set, increases by since only number in the set will be an integer. Thus, the possible values of are .
Finally, looking back at the original expression, we plug in to get a multiple of plus any number in . Thus, we hit all numbers ending in , of which there are .
~Owen1204
Solution 6
See also
1985 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 9 |
Followed by Problem 11 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |