2020 AIME I Problems/Problem 13

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Problem

Point $D$ lies on side $\overline{BC}$ of $\triangle ABC$ so that $\overline{AD}$ bisects $\angle BAC.$ The perpendicular bisector of $\overline{AD}$ intersects the bisectors of $\angle ABC$ and $\angle ACB$ in points $E$ and $F,$ respectively. Given that $AB=4,BC=5,$ and $CA=6,$ the area of $\triangle AEF$ can be written as $\tfrac{m\sqrt{n}}p,$ where $m$ and $p$ are relatively prime positive integers, and $n$ is a positive integer not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $m+n+p.$


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Solution 1

Points are defined as shown. It is pretty easy to show that $\triangle AFE \sim \triangle AGH$ by spiral similarity at $A$ by some short angle chasing. Now, note that $AD$ is the altitude of $\triangle AFE$, as the altitude of $AGH$. We need to compare these altitudes in order to compare their areas. Note that Stewart's theorem implies that $AD/2 = \frac{\sqrt{18}}{2}$, the altitude of $\triangle AFE$. Similarly, the altitude of $\triangle AGH$ is the altitude of $\triangle ABC$, or $\frac{12}{\sqrt{7}}$. However, it's not too hard to see that $GB = HC = 1$, and therefore $[AGH] = [ABC]$. From here, we get that the area of $\triangle ABC$ is $\frac{15\sqrt{7}}{14} \implies \boxed{036}$, by similarity. ~awang11

Solution 2(coord bash + basic geometry)

Let $\overline{BC}$ lie on the x-axis and $B$ be the origin. $C$ is $(5,0)$. Use Heron's formula to compute the area of triangle $ABC$. We have $s=\frac{15}{2}$. and $[ABC]=\sqrt{\frac{15 \cdot 7 \cdot 5 \cdot 3}{2^4}}=\frac{15\sqrt{7}}{4}$. We now find the altitude, which is $\frac{\frac{15\sqrt{7}}{2}}{5}=\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{2}$, which is the y-coordinate of $A$. We now find the x-coordinate of $A$, which satisfies $x^2 + (\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{2})^{2}=16$, which gives $x=\frac{1}{2}$ since the triangle is acute. Now using the Angle Bisector Theorem, we have $\frac{4}{6}=\frac{BD}{CD}$ and $BD+CD=5$ to get $BD=2$. The coordinates of D are $(2,0)$. Since we want the area of triangle $AEF$, we will find equations for perpendicular bisector of AD, and the other two angle bisectors. The perpendicular bisector is not too challenging: the midpoint of AD is $(\frac{5}{4}, \frac{3\sqrt{7}}{4})$ and the slope of AD is $-\sqrt{7}$. The slope of the perpendicular bisector is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{7}}$. The equation is(in point slope form) $y-\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{4}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{7}}(x-\frac{5}{4})$. The slope of AB, or in trig words, the tangent of $\angle ABC$ is $3\sqrt{7}$. Finding $\sin{\angle ABC}=\frac{\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{2}}{4}=\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{8}$ and $\cos{\angle ABC}=\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{4}=\frac{1}{8}$. Plugging this in to half angle tangent, it gives $\frac{\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{8}}{1+\frac{1}{8}}=\frac{\sqrt{7}}{3}$ as the slope of the angle bisector, since it passes through $B$, the equation is $y=\frac{\sqrt{7}}{3}x$. Similarly, the equation for the angle bisector of $C$ will be $y=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{7}}(x-5)$. For $E$ use the B-angle bisector and the perpendicular bisector of AD equations to intersect at $(3,\sqrt{7})$. For $F$ use the C-angle bisector and the perpendicular bisector of AD equations to intersect at $(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{9}{2\sqrt{7}})$. The area of AEF is equal to $\frac{EF \cdot \frac{AD}{2}}{2}$ since AD is the altitude of that triangle with EF as the base, with $\frac{AD}{2}$ being the height. $EF=\frac{5\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{7}}$ and $AD=3\sqrt{2}$, so $[AEF]=\frac{15}{2\sqrt{7}}=\frac{15\sqrt{7}}{14}$ which gives $\boxed{036}$. NEVER overlook coordinate bash in combination with beginner synthetic techniques.~vvluo

Solution 3 (Coordinate Bash + Trig)

[asy]         size(8cm); defaultpen(fontsize(10pt));          pair A,B,C,I,D,M,T,Y,Z,EE,F;         A=(0,3sqrt(7));         B=(-1,0);         C=(9,0);         I=incenter(A,B,C);         D=extension(A,I,B,C);         M=(A+D)/2;          draw(B--EE,gray+dashed);         draw(C--F,gray+dashed);         draw(A--B--C--A);         draw(A--D);         draw(B--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(M--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(C--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         draw(M--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         dot("$A$",A,NW);         dot("$B$",B,SW);         dot("$C$",C,SE);         dot("$D$",D,S);         dot("$E$",(5,sqrt(28)),N);          dot("$M$",M,dir(70));         dot("$F$",(0,9sqrt(7)/7),N);          label("$2$",B--D,S);         label("$3$",D--C,S);         label("$6$",A--C,N);         label("$4$",A--B,W);     [/asy]

Let $B=(0,0)$ and $BC$ be the line $y=0$. We compute that $\cos{\angle{ABC}}=\frac{1}{8}$, so $\tan{\angle{ABC}}=3\sqrt{7}$. Thus, $A$ lies on the line $y=3x\sqrt{7}$. The length of $AB$ at a point $x$ is $8x$, so $x=\frac{1}{2}$.

We now have the coordinates $A=\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{2}\right)$, $B=(0,0)$ and $C=(5,0)$. We also have $D=(2,0)$ by the angle-bisector theorem and $M=\left(\frac{5}{4},\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{4}\right)$ by taking the midpoint. We have that because $\cos{\angle{ABC}}=\frac{1}{8}$, $\cos{\frac{\angle{ABC}}{2}}=\frac{3}{4}$ by half angle formula.

We also compute $\cos{\angle{ACB}}=\frac{3}{4}$, so $\cos{\frac{\angle{ACB}}{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{14}}{4}$.

Now, $AD$ has slope $-\frac{\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{2}}{2-\frac{1}{2}}=-\sqrt{7}$, so it's perpendicular bisector has slope $\frac{\sqrt{7}}{7}$ and goes through $\left(\frac{5}{4},\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{4}\right)$.

We find that this line has equation $y=\frac{\sqrt{7}}{7}x+\frac{4\sqrt{7}}{7}$.

As $\cos{\angle{CBI}}=\frac{3}{4}$, we have that line $BI$ has form $y=\frac{\sqrt{7}}{3}x$. Solving for the intersection point of these two lines, we get $x=3$ and thus $E=\left(3, \sqrt{7}\right)$

We also have that because $\cos{\angle{ICB}}=\frac{\sqrt{14}}{4}$, $CI$ has form $y=-\frac{x\sqrt{7}}{7}+\frac{5\sqrt{7}}{7}$.

Intersecting the line $CI$ and the perpendicular bisector of $AD$ yields $-\frac{x\sqrt{7}}{7}+\frac{5\sqrt{7}}{7}=\frac{x\sqrt{7}}{7}+\frac{4\sqrt{7}}{7}$.

Solving this, we get $x=\frac{1}{2}$ and so $F=\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{9\sqrt{7}}{14}\right)$.

We now compute $EF=\sqrt{\left(\frac{5}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{5\sqrt{7}}{14}\right)^2}=\frac{5\sqrt{14}}{7}$. We also have $MA=\sqrt{\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2+\left(\frac{3\sqrt{7}}{4}\right)^2}=\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}$.

As ${MA}\perp{EF}$, we have $[\triangle{AEF}]=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}\times\frac{5\sqrt{14}}{7}\right)=\frac{15\sqrt{7}}{14}$.


The desired answer is $15+7+14=\boxed{036}$ ~Imayormaynotknowcalculus

Solution 4 (Barycentric Coordinates)

[asy]         size(8cm); defaultpen(fontsize(10pt));          pair A,B,C,I,D,M,T,Y,Z,EE,F;         A=(0,3sqrt(7));         B=(-1,0);         C=(9,0);         I=incenter(A,B,C);         D=extension(A,I,B,C);         M=(A+D)/2;          draw(B--EE,gray+dashed);         draw(C--F,gray+dashed);         draw(A--B--C--A);         draw(A--D);         draw(B--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(M--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(C--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         draw(M--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         dot("$A$",A,NW);         dot("$B$",B,SW);         dot("$C$",C,SE);         dot("$D$",D,S);         dot("$E$",(5,sqrt(28)),N);          dot("$M$",M,dir(70));         dot("$F$",(0,9sqrt(7)/7),N);          label("$2$",B--D,S);         label("$3$",D--C,S);         label("$6$",A--C,N);         label("$4$",A--B,W);     [/asy]

As usual, we will use homogenized barycentric coordinates.

We have that $AD$ will have form $3z=2y$. Similarly, $CF$ has form $5y=6x$ and $BE$ has form $5z=4x$. Since $A=(1,0,0)$ and $D=\left(0,\frac{3}{5},\frac{2}{5}\right)$, we also have $M=\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{10},\frac{1}{5}\right)$. It remains to determine the equation of the line formed by the perpendicular bisector of $AD$.

This can be found using EFFT. Let a point $T$ on $EF$ have coordinates $(x, y, z)$. We then have that the displacement vector $\overrightarrow{AD}=\left(-1, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{2}{5}\right)$ and that the displacement vector $\overrightarrow{TM}$ has form $\left(x-\frac{1}{2},y-\frac{3}{10},z-\frac{1}{5}\right)$. Now, by EFFT, we have $5^2\left(\frac{3}{5}\times\left(z-\frac{1}{5}\right)+\frac{2}{5}\times\left(y-\frac{3}{10}\right)\right)+6^2\left(-1\times\left(z-\frac{1}{5}\right)+\frac{2}{5}\times\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)+4^2\left(-1\times\left(y-\frac{3}{10}\right)+\frac{3}{5}\times\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)=0$. This equates to $8x-2y-7z=2$.

Now, intersecting this with $BE$, we have $5z=4x$, $8x-2y-7z=2$, and $x+y+z=1$. This yields $x=\frac{2}{3}$, $y=-\frac{1}{5}$, and $z=\frac{8}{15}$, or $E=\left(\frac{2}{3},-\frac{1}{5},\frac{8}{15}\right)$.

Similarly, intersecting this with $CF$, we have $5y=6x$, $8x-2y-7z=2$, and $x+y+z=1$. Solving this, we obtain $x=\frac{3}{7}$, $y=\frac{18}{35}$, and $z=\frac{2}{35}$, or $F=\left(\frac{3}{7},\frac{18}{35},\frac{2}{35}\right)$.

We finish by invoking the Barycentric Distance Formula twice; our first displacement vector being $\overrightarrow{FE}=\left(\frac{5}{21},-\frac{5}{7},\frac{10}{21}\right)$. We then have $FE^2=-25\left(-\frac{5}{7}\cdot\frac{10}{21}\right)-36\left(\frac{5}{21}\cdot\frac{10}{21}\right)-16\left(\frac{5}{21}\cdot-\frac{5}{7}\right)=\frac{50}{7}$, thus $FE=\frac{5\sqrt{14}}{7}$.

Our second displacement vector is $\overrightarrow{AM}=\left(-\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{10},\frac{1}{5}\right)$. As a result, $AM^2=-25\left(\frac{3}{10}\cdot\frac{1}{5}\right)-36\left(-\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{1}{5}\right)-16\left(-\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{3}{10}\right)=\frac{9}{2}$, so $AM=\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}$.

As ${AM}\perp{EF}$, the desired area is $\frac{\frac{5\sqrt{14}}{7}\times\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}}{2}={\frac{15\sqrt{7}}{14}}\implies{m+n+p=\boxed{036}}$. ~Imayormaynotknowcalculus


Remark: The area of $\triangle{AEF}$ can also be computed using the Barycentric Area Formula, although it may increase the risk of computational errors; there are also many different ways to proceed once the coordinates are determined.

Solution 5 (geometry+trig)

[asy]         size(8cm); defaultpen(fontsize(10pt));          pair A,B,C,I,D,M,T,Y,Z,EE,F;         A=(0,3sqrt(7));         B=(-1,0);         C=(9,0);         I=incenter(A,B,C);         D=extension(A,I,B,C);         M=(A+D)/2;          draw(B--EE,gray+dashed);         draw(C--F,gray+dashed);         draw(A--B--C--A);         draw(A--D);         draw(A--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(A--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         draw(D--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         draw(D--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(B--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(M--(5,sqrt(28)));         draw(C--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         draw(M--(0,9sqrt(7)/7));         dot("$A$",A,NW);         dot("$B$",B,SW);         dot("$C$",C,SE);         dot("$D$",D,S);         dot("$E$",(5,sqrt(28)),N);          dot("$M$",M,dir(70));         dot("$F$",(0,9sqrt(7)/7),N);          label("$2$",B--D,S);         label("$3$",D--C,S);         label("$6$",A--C,N);         label("$4$",A--B,W);     [/asy]

To get the area of $\triangle AEF$, we try to find $AM$ and $\angle EAF$.

Since $AD$ is the angle bisector, we can get that $BD=2$ and $CD=3$. By applying Stewart's Theorem, we can get that $AD=3\sqrt{2}$. Therefore $AM=\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}$.

Since $EF$ is the perpendicular bisector of $AD$, we know that $AE = DE$. Since $BE$ is the angle bisector of $\angle BAC$, we know that $\angle ABE = \angle DBE$. By applying the Law of Sines to $\triangle ABE$ and $\triangle DBE$, we know that $\sin \angle BAE = \sin \angle BDE$. Since $BD$ is not equal to $AB$ and therefore these two triangles are not congruent, we know that $\angle BAE$ and $\angle BDE$ are supplementary. Then we know that $\angle ABD$ and $\angle AED$ are also supplementary. Given that $AE=DE$, we can get that $\angle DAE$ is half of $\angle ABC$. Similarly, we have $\angle DAF$ is half of $\angle ACB$.

By applying the Law of Cosines, we get $\cos \angle ABC = \frac{1}{8}$, and then $\sin \angle ABC = \frac{3\sqrt{7}}{8}$. Similarly, we can get $\cos \angle ACB = \frac{3}{4}$ and $\sin \angle ACB = \frac{\sqrt{7}}{4}$. Based on some trig identities, we can compute that $\tan \angle DAE = \frac{\sin \angle ABC}{1 + \cos \angle ABC} = \frac{\sqrt{7}}{3}$, and $\tan \angle DAF = \frac{\sqrt{7}}{7}$.

Finally, the area of $\triangle AEF$ equals $\frac{1}{2}AM^2(\tan \angle DAE + \tan \angle DAF)=\frac{15\sqrt{7}}{14}$. Therefore, the final answer is $15+7+14=\boxed{036}$. ~xamydad

Remark: I didn't figure out how to add segments $AF$, $AE$, $DF$ and $DE$. Can someone please help add these segments?

(Added :) ~Math_Genius_164)

Solution 6

Question13.png

First and foremost $\big[\triangle{AEF}\big]=\big[\triangle{DEF}\big]$ as $EF$ is the perpendicular bisector of $AD$. Now note that quadrilateral $ABDF$ is cyclic, because $\angle{ABF}=\angle{FBD}$ and $FA=FD$. Similarly quadrilateral $AEDC$ is cyclic, \[\implies \angle{EDA}=\dfrac{C}{2}, \quad \angle{FDA}=\dfrac{B}{2}\] Let $A'$,$B'$, $C'$ be the $A$,$B$, and $C$ excenters of $\triangle{ABC}$ respectively. Then it follows that $\triangle{DEF} \sim \triangle{A'C'B'}$. By angle bisector theorem we have $BD=2 \implies \dfrac{ID}{IA}=\dfrac{BD}{BA}=\dfrac{1}{2}$. Now let the feet of the perpendiculars from $I$ and $A'$ to $BC$ be $X$ and $Y$ resptively. Then by tangents we have \[BX=s-AC=\dfrac{3}{2} \implies XD=2-\dfrac{3}{2}=\dfrac{1}{2}\] \[CY=s-AC \implies YD=3-\dfrac{3}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2} \implies \dfrac{ID}{DA'}=\dfrac{XD}{YD}=\dfrac{1}{3} \implies \big[\triangle{DEF}\big]=\dfrac{1}{16}\big[\triangle{A'C'B'}\big]\] From the previous ratios, $AI:ID:DA'=2:1:3 \implies AD=DA' \implies \big[\triangle{ABC}\big]=\big[\triangle{A'BC}\big]$ Similarly we can find that $\big[\triangle{B'AC}\big]=2\big[\triangle{ABC}\big]$ and $\big[\triangle{C'AB}\big]=\dfrac{4}{7}\big[\triangle{ABC}\big]$ and thus \[\big[\triangle{A'B'C'}\big]=\bigg(1+1+2+\dfrac{4}{7}\bigg)\big[\triangle{ABC}\big]=\dfrac{32}{7}\big[\triangle{ABC}\big] \implies \big[\triangle{DEF}\big]=\dfrac{2}{7}\big[\triangle{ABC}\big]=\dfrac{15\sqrt{7}}{14} \implies m+n+p = \boxed{036}\] -tkhalid

Solution 7 -Leonard_my_dude

Aime 13.png

Trig values we use here:

$\cos A = \frac{9}{16}$

$\cos \frac{A}{2} = \frac{5}{4\sqrt2}$

$\sin \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\sqrt7}{4\sqrt2}$

$\cos \frac{B}{2} = \frac{3}{4}$

$\cos \frac{C}{2} = \frac{\sqrt7}{2\sqrt2}$


First let the incenter be $I$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of minor arc $BC$ on $(ABC)$ and let $K$ be the foot of $M$ to $BC$.

We can find $AD$ using Stewart's Theorem: from Angle Bisector Theorem $BD = 2$ and $CD = 3$. Then it is easy to find that $AD = 3\sqrt3$.

Now we trig bash for $DI = MI - MD$. Notice that $MI = MB$ from the Incenter Excenter Lemma. We obtain that $MB = \frac{BK}{\cos \frac{A}{2}} = \frac{\frac{5}{2}}{\frac{5}{4\sqrt2}}=2\sqrt2$. To get $MD$ we angle chase to get $\angle KDM = \frac{A}{2}+C$. Then \[\cos(\frac{A}{2}+C) = \cos\frac{A}{2}\cos C - \sin\frac{A}{2}\sin C = \frac{1}{2\sqrt2} = \frac{\frac{1}{2}}{MD}\] gives $MD = \sqrt{2}$. This means $DI = \sqrt2$.

Now let $AI \cap EF = G$. It is easy to angle chase $\angle GIE = 90- \frac{B}{2}$ and $\angle GIF = 90- \frac{C}{2}$. Since $GI = GD - ID = \frac{3\sqrt2}{2}-\sqrt2=\frac{\sqrt2}{2}$, we compute that \[EF = EG + FG = \frac{\sqrt2}{2}(\cot B/2 + \cot C/2) = \frac{\sqrt2}{2}(\frac{3}{\sqrt7}+\sqrt7) = \frac{5\sqrt{14}}{7}\] which implies \[[AEF] = AG*EF/2 = \frac{3\sqrt2}{2} * \frac{5\sqrt{14}}{7} / 2 = \frac{15\sqrt7}{14}\] which gives an answer of $\boxed{36}$. ~Leonard_my_dude~

See Also

2020 AIME I (ProblemsAnswer KeyResources)
Preceded by
Problem 12
Followed by
Problem 14
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All AIME Problems and Solutions

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