2021 AIME II Problems/Problem 11
Contents
[hide]Problem
A teacher was leading a class of four perfectly logical students. The teacher chose a set of four integers and gave a different number in to each student. Then the teacher announced to the class that the numbers in were four consecutive two-digit positive integers, that some number in was divisible by , and a different number in was divisible by . The teacher then asked if any of the students could deduce what is, but in unison, all of the students replied no.
However, upon hearing that all four students replied no, each student was able to determine the elements of . Find the sum of all possible values of the greatest element of .
Solution 1
Note that It is clear that and otherwise the three other elements in are divisible by neither nor
In the table below, the multiples of are colored in yellow, and the multiples of are colored in green. By the least common multiple, we obtain cycles: If is a possible maximum value of then must be another possible maximum value of and vice versa. By observations, we circle all possible maximum values of From the second row of the table above, we perform casework on the possible maximum value of Finally, all possibilities for are and from which the answer is
Remarks
- Alternatively, we can reconstruct the second table in this solution as follows, where Y and N denote the replies of "yes" and "no", respectively. Notice that this table has some kind of symmetry!
- As a confirmation, we can verify that each student will be able to deduce what is upon hearing the four replies of "no" in unison. For example, if then all students will know that no one gets or otherwise that student will reply yes (as discussed). Therefore, all students will conclude that has only one possibility.
~MRENTHUSIASM
Solution 2
We know right away that and as stated in Solution 1.
To get a feel for the problem, let’s write out some possible values of based on the teacher’s remarks. The first multiple of 7 that is two-digit is 14. The closest multiple of six from 14 is 12, and therefore there are two possible sets of four consecutive integers containing 12 and 14; and . Here we get our first crucial idea; that if the multiples of 6 and 7 differ by two, there will be 2 possible sets of without any student input. Similarly, if they differ by 3, there will be only 1 possible set, and if they differ by 1, 3 possible sets.
Now we read the student input. Each student says they can’t figure out what is just based on the teacher’s information, which means each student has to have a number that would be in 2 or 3 of the possible sets (This is based off of the first line of student input). However, now that each student knows that all of them have numbers that fit into more than one possible set, this means that S cannot have two possible sets because otherwise, when shifting from one set to the other, one of the end numbers would not be in the shifted set, but we know each number has to fall in two or more possible sets. For example, take and . The numbers at the end, 11 and 15, only fall in one set, but each number must fall in at least two sets. This means that there must be three possible sets of S, in which case the actual S would be the middle S. Take for example , , and . 37 and 34 fall in two sets while 35 and 36 fall in all three sets, so the condition is met. Now, this means that the multiple of 6 and 7 must differ by 1. Since 42 means the difference is 0, when you add/subtract 6 and 7, you will obtain the desired difference of 1, and similarly adding/subtracting 6 or 7 from 84 will also obtain the difference of 1. Thus there are four possible sets of ; , , and . Therefore the sum of the greatest elements of the possible sets is
~KingRavi
Solution 3
In a solution that satisfies these constraints, the multiple of 6 must be adjacent to multiple of 7. The other two numbers must be on either side.
WLOG assume the set is . The student with numbers , , and can think the set is or , and the students with number , , and can think the set is or . Therefore, none of the students know the set for sure.
Playing around with the arrangement of the multiple of 6 and multiple of 7 shows that this is the only configuration viewed as ambiguous to all the students. (Therefore when they hear nobody else knows either, they can find out it is this configuration)
Considering as ,b is 2 mod 6 and 1 mod 7, so is 8 mod 42. (since it is all 2-digit, the values are either 50 or 92).
Similarly, considering as , is 1 mod 6 and 2 mod 7, so is 37 mod 42. The values that satisfy that are 37 and 79.
The total sum of all these values is therefore .
This solution will even work when the bounds (in this question, 2-digit so <100) are much larger and it is impractical to perform casework.
~balav123
Solution 4 (Logic)
Consider the tuple as a possible . If one of the values in is or , observe the student will be able to deduce with no additional information. This is because, if a value is and contains a , then the values of must be . Similarly, if we are given a and we know that is in , must be Hence, the only possibility for is
In either case, we are guaranteed there is a value in . The difference comes down to if there is a value or a value. The person receiving such value will be able to determine all of but the people will not be able to differentiate the two cases... yet.
Now consider which value among the consecutive integers is , if any. The person will know that is either or to have a value in . Neither the person can be , else they can decipher what is right off the bat by considering which set has This translates to the possible or person cannot be . We are given that and cannot be the same person. Hence we conclude one of the or must be the person.
Let the person be Then--hypothetical-- person is After the first round, the people realize that is not in else they would have deduced by noting was either or to have a and choosing the former based on where is. Hence they figure out by knowing So and (from person being ).
Similarly, if person is we find that (so a is in ) and
By CRT, the possibilities are The sum of the greatest values of are the sum of and so we get
~Aaryabhatta1
Video Solution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jKjilTRhs4
Animated Solution by Interstigation
~Interstigation
See Also
2021 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 10 |
Followed by Problem 12 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.