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Difference between revisions of "1997 AIME Problems/Problem 11"

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== Problem ==
 
== Problem ==
−
Let <math>x=\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}</math>. What is the [[greatest integer function|greatest integer]] that does not exceed <math>100x</math>?
+
Let <math>x=\frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}</math>. What is the greatest integer that does not exceed <math>100x</math>?
  
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
  
−
== Solution ==
+
== Solution 1 ==
−
=== Solution 1 ===
+
Note that
 +
<math>\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \cos n} = \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\cos 89 + \cos 88 + \dots + \cos 46}</math> by the cofunction identities.(We could have also written it as <math>\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \sin n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac {\sin 89 + \sin 88 + \dots + \sin 46}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}</math>.)
 +
 
 +
Now use the sum-product formula <math>\cos x + \cos y = 2\cos\left(\frac{x+y}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{x-y}{2}\right)</math>
 +
We want to pair up <math>[1, 44]</math>, <math>[2, 43]</math>, <math>[3, 42]</math>, etc. from the numerator and <math>[46, 89]</math>, <math>[47, 88]</math>, <math>[48, 87]</math> etc. from the denominator. Then we get:
 +
<cmath>\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \cos n} = \frac{2\cos(\frac{45}{2})[\cos(\frac{43}{2})+\cos(\frac{41}{2})+\dots+\cos(\frac{1}{2})]}{2\cos(\frac{135}{2})[\cos(\frac{43}{2})+\cos(\frac{41}{2})+\dots+\cos(\frac{1}{2})]} \Rightarrow \frac{\cos(\frac{45}{2})}{\cos(\frac{135}{2})}</cmath>
 +
 
 +
To calculate this number, use the half angle formula. Since <math>\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{\cos x + 1}{2}}</math>, then our number becomes: <cmath>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}}{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}}</cmath> in which we drop the negative roots (as it is clear cosine of <math>22.5</math> and <math>67.5</math> are positive). We can easily simplify this:
 +
 
 +
<cmath>\begin{eqnarray*}
 +
\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}}{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}} &=& \sqrt{\frac{\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{4}}{\frac{2-\sqrt{2}}{4}}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{2-\sqrt{2}}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{2+\sqrt{2}}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{(2+\sqrt{2})^2}{2}} \\ &=& \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} \\ &=& \sqrt{2}+1
 +
\end{eqnarray*}</cmath>
 +
 
 +
And hence our answer is <math>\lfloor 100x \rfloor = \lfloor 100(1 + \sqrt {2}) \rfloor = \boxed{241}</math>.
 +
 
 +
==Solution 2==
 +
 
 
<cmath>\begin{eqnarray*} x &=& \frac {\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \sin n^\circ} = \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}\\
 
<cmath>\begin{eqnarray*} x &=& \frac {\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \sin n^\circ} = \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}\\
−
&=& \frac {\cos (45 - 1) + \cos(45 - 2) + \dots + \cos(45 - 44)}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}\end{eqnarray*}</cmath>
+
&=& \frac {\cos (45 - 1) + \cos(45 - 2) + \dots + \cos(45 - 44)}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}
 +
\end{eqnarray*}</cmath>
  
 
Using the identity <math>\sin a + \sin b = 2\sin \frac{a+b}2 \cos \frac{a-b}{2}</math> <math>\Longrightarrow \sin x + \cos x</math> <math>= \sin x + \sin (90-x)</math> <math>= 2 \sin 45 \cos (45-x)</math> <math>= \sqrt{2} \cos (45-x)</math>, that [[summation]] reduces to
 
Using the identity <math>\sin a + \sin b = 2\sin \frac{a+b}2 \cos \frac{a-b}{2}</math> <math>\Longrightarrow \sin x + \cos x</math> <math>= \sin x + \sin (90-x)</math> <math>= 2 \sin 45 \cos (45-x)</math> <math>= \sqrt{2} \cos (45-x)</math>, that [[summation]] reduces to
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<cmath>\begin{eqnarray*}x &=& \left(\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\left(\frac {(\cos 1 + \cos2 + \dots + \cos44) + (\sin1 + \sin2 + \dots + \sin44)}{\sin1 + \sin2 + \dots + \sin44}\right)\\
 
<cmath>\begin{eqnarray*}x &=& \left(\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\left(\frac {(\cos 1 + \cos2 + \dots + \cos44) + (\sin1 + \sin2 + \dots + \sin44)}{\sin1 + \sin2 + \dots + \sin44}\right)\\
 
&=& \left(\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\left(1 + \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}\right)
 
&=& \left(\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\left(1 + \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}\right)
 +
\end{eqnarray*}
 
</cmath>
 
</cmath>
  
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\end{eqnarray*}</cmath>
 
\end{eqnarray*}</cmath>
  
−
=== Solution 2 ===
+
== Solution 3 ==
 
A slight variant of the above solution, note that  
 
A slight variant of the above solution, note that  
  
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\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n + \sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n &=& \sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n + \sin(90-n)\\
 
\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n + \sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n &=& \sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n + \sin(90-n)\\
 
&=& \sqrt{2}\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos(45-n) = \sqrt{2}\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n\\
 
&=& \sqrt{2}\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos(45-n) = \sqrt{2}\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n\\
−
\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n &=& (\sqrt{2}-1)\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n</cmath>
+
\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n &=& (\sqrt{2}-1)\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n
 +
\end{eqnarray*}</cmath>
  
 
This is the [[ratio]] we are looking for. <math>x</math> reduces to <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} - 1} = \sqrt{2} + 1</math>, and <math>\lfloor 100(\sqrt{2} + 1)\rfloor = \boxed{241}</math>.
 
This is the [[ratio]] we are looking for. <math>x</math> reduces to <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} - 1} = \sqrt{2} + 1</math>, and <math>\lfloor 100(\sqrt{2} + 1)\rfloor = \boxed{241}</math>.
  
−
=== Solution 3 ===
+
== Solution 4 ==
 
Consider the sum <math>\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \text{cis } n^\circ</math>. The fraction is given by the real part divided by the imaginary part.
 
Consider the sum <math>\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \text{cis } n^\circ</math>. The fraction is given by the real part divided by the imaginary part.
  
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Although an exact value for <math>\cot (1/2^\circ)</math> in terms of radicals will be difficult, this is easily known: it is really large!
 
Although an exact value for <math>\cot (1/2^\circ)</math> in terms of radicals will be difficult, this is easily known: it is really large!
  
−
So treat it as though it were <math>\infty</math>. The fraction is approximated by <math>\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2 - \sqrt {2}} = \frac {\sqrt {2}(2 + \sqrt {2})}{2} = 1 + \sqrt {2}\Rightarrow \boxed{241}</math>.
+
So treat it as though it were <math>\infty</math>. The fraction is approximated by <math>\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2 - \sqrt {2}} = \frac {\sqrt {2}(2 + \sqrt {2})}{2} = 1 + \sqrt {2}\Rightarrow \lfloor 100(1+\sqrt2)\rfloor=\boxed{241}</math>.
 +
 
 +
== Solution 5 ==
 +
Consider the sum <math>\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \text{cis } n^\circ</math>. The fraction is given by the real part divided by the imaginary part.
 +
 
 +
The sum can be written as <math>\sum_{n=1}^{22} (\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ)</math>.
 +
Consider the rhombus <math>OABC</math> on the complex plane such that <math>O</math> is the origin, <math>A</math> represents <math>\text{cis } n^\circ</math>, <math>B</math> represents <math>\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ</math> and <math>C</math> represents <math>\text{cis } n^\circ</math>. Simple geometry shows that <math>\angle BOA = 22.5-k^\circ</math>, so the angle that <math>\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ</math> makes with the real axis is simply <math>22.5^\circ</math>. So <math>\sum_{n=1}^{22} (\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ)</math> is the sum of collinear complex numbers, so the angle the sum makes with the real axis is <math>22.5^\circ</math>. So our answer is <math>\lfloor 100 \cot(22.5^\circ) \rfloor = \boxed{241}</math>.
 +
 
 +
Note that the <math>\cot(22.5^\circ) = \sqrt2 + 1</math> can be shown easily through half-angle formula.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
== Solution 6 ==
 +
 
 +
We write <math>x =\frac{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \sin n^{\circ}}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^{\circ}}</math> since <math>\cos x = \sin (90^{\circ}-x).</math> Now we by the sine angle sum we know that <math>\sin (x+45^{\circ}) = \sin 45^{\circ}(\sin x + \cos x).</math> So the expression simplifies to <math>\sin 45^{\circ}\left(\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} (\sin n^{\circ}+\cos n^{\circ})}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^{\circ}}\right) = \sin 45^{\circ}\left(1+\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^{\circ}}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^{\circ}}\right)=\sin 45^{\circ}(1+x).</math> Therefore we have the equation <math>x = \sin 45^{\circ}(1+x) \implies x = \sqrt{2}+1.</math> Finishing, we have <math>\lfloor 100x \rfloor = \boxed{241}.</math>
 +
 
 +
== Solution 7 ==
 +
 
 +
We can pair the terms of the summations as below.
 +
 
 +
<cmath>\dfrac{(\cos{1} + \cos{44}) + (\cos{2} + \cos{43}) + (\cos{3} + \cos{42}) + \cdots + (\cos{22} + \cos{23})}{(\sin{1} + \sin{44}) + (\sin{2} + \sin{43}) + (\sin{3} + \sin{42}) + \cdots + (\sin{22} + \sin{23})}.</cmath> 
 +
 
 +
From here, we use the cosine and sine subtraction formulas as shown.
 +
 
 +
\begin{align*}
 +
&\dfrac{(\cos(45-44) + \cos(45-1)) + (\cos(45-43) + \cos(45-2))+ \cdots (\cos(45-23) + \cos(45-22))}{(\sin(45-44) + \sin(45-1)) + (\sin(45-43) + \sin(45-2))+ \cdots (\sin(45-23) + \sin(45-22))} \\ 
 +
&= \dfrac{(\cos{45}\cos{44} +\sin{45}\sin{44} + \cos{45}\cos{1} + \sin{45}\sin{1})+ \cdots + (\cos{45}\cos{23} + \sin{45}\sin{23} + \cos{45}\cos{22} + \sin{45}\sin{22})}{(\sin{45}\cos{44}-\cos{45}\sin{44} + \sin{45}\cos{1} - \cos{45}\sin{1}) + \cdots + (\sin{45}\cos{23} -\cos{45}\sin{23} + \sin{45}\cos{22} - \cos{45}\sin{22})} \\
 +
&= \dfrac{\sqrt{2}/2(\cos{44} + \sin{44} + \cos{1}+\sin{1} +\cos{43} + \sin{43} + \cos{2} + \sin{2} + \cdots + \cos{23} + \sin{23} + \cos{22} + \sin{22})}{\sqrt{2}/2(\cos{44} -\sin{44} +\cos{1} - \sin{1} + \cos{43}-\sin{43} + \cos{2} -\sin{2} +\cdots + \cos{23}-\sin{23} + \cos{22} - \sin{22})} \\
 +
&=\dfrac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ + \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ - \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}.
 +
\end{align*}
 +
 
 +
Since all of these operations have been performed to ensure equality, we can set the final line of the above mess equal to our original expression.
 +
 
 +
<cmath>\dfrac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ + \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ - \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ} = \frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}.</cmath>
 +
 
 +
For the sake of clarity, let <math>\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ = C</math> and <math>\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ = S</math>. Then, we have
 +
 
 +
<cmath>\dfrac{C+S}{C-S} = \dfrac{C}{S} \implies CS+S^2 = C^2-CS.</cmath>
 +
 +
Finishing, we have <math>S^2+2CS=C^2</math>. Adding <math>C^2</math> to both sides gives <math>(C+S)^2 = 2C^2</math>, or <math>C+S = \pm C\sqrt{2}</math>. Taking the positive case gives <math>S= C(\sqrt{2}-1)</math>. Finally,
 +
 
 +
<cmath>x=\frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ} = \dfrac{C}{S} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}-1} = \sqrt{2} +1 \implies \lfloor{100x\rfloor} = \boxed{241}.</cmath>
 +
 
 +
~NTfish
 +
 
 +
== Solution 8 (Integral Calculus, not rigorous) ==
 +
Because the numerator and denominator are both sums, we can replace each with <math>44</math> times the average (i.e. [[arithmetic mean]]) of the terms of the respective sums. These <math>44</math>s will cancel out, leaving simply the ratio of the averages of the respective sums.
 +
 
 +
Given that the sums span from <math>1^{\circ}\approx 0</math> radians to <math>44^{\circ}\approx \tfrac\pi4</math> radians, we would expect the average heights of cosine and sine on <math>[0,\tfrac\pi4]</math> to be very close if not equal to the given ratio. We can use definite [[integrals]] to calculate these averages.
 +
 
 +
The average height of <math>\cos x</math> on <math>[0,\tfrac\pi4]</math> is <math>\frac1{\pi/4}\int^{\pi/4}_0(\cos x) dx = \frac4\pi(\sin\frac\pi4-\sin0) = \frac4\pi\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}2</math>.
 +
 
 +
Similarly, the average height of <math>\sin x</math> on <math>[0,\tfrac\pi4]</math> is <math>\frac1{\pi/4}\int^{\pi/4}_0(\sin x) dx = \frac4\pi(-\cos\frac\pi4+\cos0) = \frac4\pi\cdot(1-\frac{\sqrt2}2)</math>.
 +
 
 +
Taking the ratio of these two values yields <math>\frac{\sqrt2/2}{1-\sqrt2/2}=\frac1{\sqrt2-1}\cdot\frac{\sqrt2+1}{\sqrt2+1}=\frac{\sqrt2+1}{2-1}=\sqrt2+1 \approx 1.41+1 = 2.41</math>. Thus, our answer is <math>\boxed{241}</math>.
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
−
{{AIME box|year=1997|num-b=10|num-a=12}}
+
Video Solution by Osman Nal:
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6udScV0F_o
 +
{{AIME box|year=1997|num-b=10|num-a=12}}  
  
 
[[Category:Intermediate Trigonometry Problems]]
 
[[Category:Intermediate Trigonometry Problems]]
 +
{{MAA Notice}}

Latest revision as of 16:05, 8 September 2024

Problem

Let $x=\frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}$. What is the greatest integer that does not exceed $100x$?

Solution 1

Note that $\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \cos n} = \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\cos 89 + \cos 88 + \dots + \cos 46}$ by the cofunction identities.(We could have also written it as $\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \sin n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac {\sin 89 + \sin 88 + \dots + \sin 46}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}$.)

Now use the sum-product formula $\cos x + \cos y = 2\cos\left(\frac{x+y}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{x-y}{2}\right)$ We want to pair up $[1, 44]$, $[2, 43]$, $[3, 42]$, etc. from the numerator and $[46, 89]$, $[47, 88]$, $[48, 87]$ etc. from the denominator. Then we get: \[\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n} = \frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n}{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \cos n} = \frac{2\cos(\frac{45}{2})[\cos(\frac{43}{2})+\cos(\frac{41}{2})+\dots+\cos(\frac{1}{2})]}{2\cos(\frac{135}{2})[\cos(\frac{43}{2})+\cos(\frac{41}{2})+\dots+\cos(\frac{1}{2})]} \Rightarrow \frac{\cos(\frac{45}{2})}{\cos(\frac{135}{2})}\]

To calculate this number, use the half angle formula. Since $\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{\cos x + 1}{2}}$, then our number becomes: \[\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}}{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}}\] in which we drop the negative roots (as it is clear cosine of $22.5$ and $67.5$ are positive). We can easily simplify this:

\begin{eqnarray*} \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}}{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1}{2}}} &=& \sqrt{\frac{\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{4}}{\frac{2-\sqrt{2}}{4}}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{2-\sqrt{2}}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{2+\sqrt{2}}} \\ &=& \sqrt{\frac{(2+\sqrt{2})^2}{2}} \\ &=& \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} \\ &=& \sqrt{2}+1 \end{eqnarray*}

And hence our answer is $\lfloor 100x \rfloor = \lfloor 100(1 + \sqrt {2}) \rfloor = \boxed{241}$.

Solution 2

\begin{eqnarray*} x &=& \frac {\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \sin n^\circ} = \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}\\ &=& \frac {\cos (45 - 1) + \cos(45 - 2) + \dots + \cos(45 - 44)}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44} \end{eqnarray*}

Using the identity $\sin a + \sin b = 2\sin \frac{a+b}2 \cos \frac{a-b}{2}$ $\Longrightarrow \sin x + \cos x$ $= \sin x + \sin (90-x)$ $= 2 \sin 45 \cos (45-x)$ $= \sqrt{2} \cos (45-x)$, that summation reduces to

\begin{eqnarray*}x &=& \left(\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\left(\frac {(\cos 1 + \cos2 + \dots + \cos44) + (\sin1 + \sin2 + \dots + \sin44)}{\sin1 + \sin2 + \dots + \sin44}\right)\\ &=& \left(\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\left(1 + \frac {\cos 1 + \cos 2 + \dots + \cos 44}{\sin 1 + \sin 2 + \dots + \sin 44}\right) \end{eqnarray*}

This fraction is equivalent to $x$. Therefore, \begin{eqnarray*} x &=& \left(\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\left(1 + x\right)\\ \frac {1}{\sqrt {2}} &=& x\left(\frac {\sqrt {2} - 1}{\sqrt {2}}\right)\\ x &=& \frac {1}{\sqrt {2} - 1} = 1 + \sqrt {2}\\ \lfloor 100x \rfloor &=& \lfloor 100(1 + \sqrt {2}) \rfloor = \boxed{241}\\ \end{eqnarray*}

Solution 3

A slight variant of the above solution, note that

\begin{eqnarray*} \sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n + \sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n &=& \sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n + \sin(90-n)\\ &=& \sqrt{2}\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos(45-n) = \sqrt{2}\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n\\ \sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n &=& (\sqrt{2}-1)\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n \end{eqnarray*}

This is the ratio we are looking for. $x$ reduces to $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} - 1} = \sqrt{2} + 1$, and $\lfloor 100(\sqrt{2} + 1)\rfloor = \boxed{241}$.

Solution 4

Consider the sum $\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \text{cis } n^\circ$. The fraction is given by the real part divided by the imaginary part.

The sum can be written $- 1 + \sum_{n = 0}^{44} \text{cis } n^\circ = - 1 + \frac {\text{cis } 45^\circ - 1}{\text{cis } 1^\circ - 1}$ (by De Moivre's Theorem with geometric series)

$= - 1 + \frac {\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2} - 1 + \frac {i \sqrt {2}}{2}}{\text{cis } 1^\circ - 1} = - 1 + \frac {\left( \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2} - 1 + \frac {i \sqrt {2}}{2} \right) (\text{cis } ( - 1^\circ) - 1)}{(\cos 1^\circ - 1)^2 + \sin^2 1^\circ}$ (after multiplying by complex conjugate)

$= - 1 + \frac {\left( \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2} - 1 \right) (\cos 1^\circ - 1) + \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}\sin 1^\circ + i\left( \left(1 - \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2} \right) \sin 1^\circ + \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2} (\cos 1^\circ - 1)\right)}{2(1 - \cos 1^\circ)}$

$= - \frac {1}{2} - \frac {\sqrt {2}}{4} - \frac {i\sqrt {2}}{4} + \frac {\sin 1^\circ \left( \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2} + i\left( 1 - \frac {\sqrt {2}}{2} \right) \right)}{2(1 - \cos 1^\circ)}$

Using the tangent half-angle formula, this becomes $\left( - \frac {1}{2} + \frac {\sqrt {2}}{4}[\cot (1/2^\circ) - 1] \right) + i\left( \frac {1}{2}\cot (1/2^\circ) - \frac {\sqrt {2}}{4}[\cot (1/2^\circ) + 1] \right)$.

Dividing the two parts and multiplying each part by 4, the fraction is $\frac { - 2 + \sqrt {2}[\cot (1/2^\circ) - 1]}{2\cot (1/2^\circ) - \sqrt {2}[\cot (1/2^\circ) + 1]}$.

Although an exact value for $\cot (1/2^\circ)$ in terms of radicals will be difficult, this is easily known: it is really large!

So treat it as though it were $\infty$. The fraction is approximated by $\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2 - \sqrt {2}} = \frac {\sqrt {2}(2 + \sqrt {2})}{2} = 1 + \sqrt {2}\Rightarrow \lfloor 100(1+\sqrt2)\rfloor=\boxed{241}$.

Solution 5

Consider the sum $\sum_{n = 1}^{44} \text{cis } n^\circ$. The fraction is given by the real part divided by the imaginary part.

The sum can be written as $\sum_{n=1}^{22} (\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ)$. Consider the rhombus $OABC$ on the complex plane such that $O$ is the origin, $A$ represents $\text{cis } n^\circ$, $B$ represents $\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ$ and $C$ represents $\text{cis } n^\circ$. Simple geometry shows that $\angle BOA = 22.5-k^\circ$, so the angle that $\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ$ makes with the real axis is simply $22.5^\circ$. So $\sum_{n=1}^{22} (\text{cis } n^\circ + \text{cis } 45-n^\circ)$ is the sum of collinear complex numbers, so the angle the sum makes with the real axis is $22.5^\circ$. So our answer is $\lfloor 100 \cot(22.5^\circ) \rfloor = \boxed{241}$.

Note that the $\cot(22.5^\circ) = \sqrt2 + 1$ can be shown easily through half-angle formula.


Solution 6

We write $x =\frac{\sum_{n=46}^{89} \sin n^{\circ}}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^{\circ}}$ since $\cos x = \sin (90^{\circ}-x).$ Now we by the sine angle sum we know that $\sin (x+45^{\circ}) = \sin 45^{\circ}(\sin x + \cos x).$ So the expression simplifies to $\sin 45^{\circ}\left(\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} (\sin n^{\circ}+\cos n^{\circ})}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^{\circ}}\right) = \sin 45^{\circ}\left(1+\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^{\circ}}{\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^{\circ}}\right)=\sin 45^{\circ}(1+x).$ Therefore we have the equation $x = \sin 45^{\circ}(1+x) \implies x = \sqrt{2}+1.$ Finishing, we have $\lfloor 100x \rfloor = \boxed{241}.$

Solution 7

We can pair the terms of the summations as below.

\[\dfrac{(\cos{1} + \cos{44}) + (\cos{2} + \cos{43}) + (\cos{3} + \cos{42}) + \cdots + (\cos{22} + \cos{23})}{(\sin{1} + \sin{44}) + (\sin{2} + \sin{43}) + (\sin{3} + \sin{42}) + \cdots + (\sin{22} + \sin{23})}.\]

From here, we use the cosine and sine subtraction formulas as shown.

\begin{align*} &\dfrac{(\cos(45-44) + \cos(45-1)) + (\cos(45-43) + \cos(45-2))+ \cdots (\cos(45-23) + \cos(45-22))}{(\sin(45-44) + \sin(45-1)) + (\sin(45-43) + \sin(45-2))+ \cdots (\sin(45-23) + \sin(45-22))} \\ &= \dfrac{(\cos{45}\cos{44} +\sin{45}\sin{44} + \cos{45}\cos{1} + \sin{45}\sin{1})+ \cdots + (\cos{45}\cos{23} + \sin{45}\sin{23} + \cos{45}\cos{22} + \sin{45}\sin{22})}{(\sin{45}\cos{44}-\cos{45}\sin{44} + \sin{45}\cos{1} - \cos{45}\sin{1}) + \cdots + (\sin{45}\cos{23} -\cos{45}\sin{23} + \sin{45}\cos{22} - \cos{45}\sin{22})} \\ &= \dfrac{\sqrt{2}/2(\cos{44} + \sin{44} + \cos{1}+\sin{1} +\cos{43} + \sin{43} + \cos{2} + \sin{2} + \cdots + \cos{23} + \sin{23} + \cos{22} + \sin{22})}{\sqrt{2}/2(\cos{44} -\sin{44} +\cos{1} - \sin{1} + \cos{43}-\sin{43} + \cos{2} -\sin{2} +\cdots + \cos{23}-\sin{23} + \cos{22} - \sin{22})} \\ &=\dfrac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ + \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ - \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}. \end{align*}

Since all of these operations have been performed to ensure equality, we can set the final line of the above mess equal to our original expression.

\[\dfrac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ + \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ - \sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ} = \frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}.\]

For the sake of clarity, let $\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ = C$ and $\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ = S$. Then, we have

\[\dfrac{C+S}{C-S} = \dfrac{C}{S} \implies CS+S^2 = C^2-CS.\]

Finishing, we have $S^2+2CS=C^2$. Adding $C^2$ to both sides gives $(C+S)^2 = 2C^2$, or $C+S = \pm C\sqrt{2}$. Taking the positive case gives $S= C(\sqrt{2}-1)$. Finally,

\[x=\frac{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ} = \dfrac{C}{S} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}-1} = \sqrt{2} +1 \implies \lfloor{100x\rfloor} = \boxed{241}.\]

~NTfish

Solution 8 (Integral Calculus, not rigorous)

Because the numerator and denominator are both sums, we can replace each with $44$ times the average (i.e. arithmetic mean) of the terms of the respective sums. These $44$s will cancel out, leaving simply the ratio of the averages of the respective sums.

Given that the sums span from $1^{\circ}\approx 0$ radians to $44^{\circ}\approx \tfrac\pi4$ radians, we would expect the average heights of cosine and sine on $[0,\tfrac\pi4]$ to be very close if not equal to the given ratio. We can use definite integrals to calculate these averages.

The average height of $\cos x$ on $[0,\tfrac\pi4]$ is $\frac1{\pi/4}\int^{\pi/4}_0(\cos x) dx = \frac4\pi(\sin\frac\pi4-\sin0) = \frac4\pi\cdot\frac{\sqrt2}2$.

Similarly, the average height of $\sin x$ on $[0,\tfrac\pi4]$ is $\frac1{\pi/4}\int^{\pi/4}_0(\sin x) dx = \frac4\pi(-\cos\frac\pi4+\cos0) = \frac4\pi\cdot(1-\frac{\sqrt2}2)$.

Taking the ratio of these two values yields $\frac{\sqrt2/2}{1-\sqrt2/2}=\frac1{\sqrt2-1}\cdot\frac{\sqrt2+1}{\sqrt2+1}=\frac{\sqrt2+1}{2-1}=\sqrt2+1 \approx 1.41+1 = 2.41$. Thus, our answer is $\boxed{241}$.

See also

Video Solution by Osman Nal: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6udScV0F_o

1997 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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