Difference between revisions of "2010 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 19"

Revision as of 22:50, 16 February 2014

Problem

Each of 2010 boxes in a line contains a single red marble, and for $1 \le k \le 2010$ , the box in the $k\text{th}$ position also contains $k$ white marbles. Isabella begins at the first box and successively draws a single marble at random from each box, in order. She stops when she first draws a red marble. Let $P(n)$ be the probability that Isabella stops after drawing exactly $n$ marbles. What is the smallest value of $n$ for which $P(n) < \frac{1}{2010}$ ?

$\textbf{(A)}\ 45 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 63 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 64 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 201 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 1005$

Solution

Solution 1

The probability of drawing a white marble from box $k$ is $\frac{k}{k+1}$ . The probability of drawing a red marble from box $n$ is $\frac{1}{n+1}$ .

The probability of drawing a red marble at box $n$ is therefore

$\frac{1}{n+1} \left( \prod_{k=1}^{n-1}\frac{k}{k+1} \right) < \frac{1}{2010}$

$\frac{1}{n+1} \left( \frac{1}{n} \right) < \frac{1}{2010}$

$(n+1)n > 2010$

It is then easy to see that the lowest integer value of $n$ that satisfies the inequality is $\boxed{45\ \textbf{(A)}}$ .

Solution 2

The probability of drawing a white marble from box $k$ is $\frac{k}{k + 1}$ , and the probability of drawing a red marble from box $k$ is $\frac{1}{k+1}$ .

From this, we find that $P(n) = (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4} \cdot \dots \cdot \frac {n - 1}{n}) \cdot \frac{1}{n +1} = P(n) = \frac{(n - 1)!}{(n + 1)!} = \frac{1}{n (n + 1)}.$

So, $\frac{1}{n(n + 1)} < \frac{1}{2010}$ $n(n+1) > 2010$

The minimum integer value of $n$ satisfying this equation is $\boxed{\textbf{(A)}45}$ .

2010 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 18	Followed by Problem 20
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ===Solution 2===
-The probability of drawing a white marble from the first box is <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>. The probability of drawing a white marble from the second box is <math>\frac{2}{3}</math>.
+The probability of drawing a white marble from box <math>k</math> is <math>\frac{k}{k + 1}</math>, and the probability of drawing a red marble from box <math>k</math> is <math>\frac{1}{k+1}</math>.
-It follows that the probability of drawing a white marble from box <math>k</math> is <math>\frac{k}{k + 1}</math>, and the probability of drawing a white marble is <math>\frac{1}{k+1}</math>.
+From this, we find that <cmath>P(n) = (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4} \cdot \dots \cdot \frac {n - 1}{n}) \cdot \frac{1}{n +1} = P(n) = \frac{(n - 1)!}{(n + 1)!} = \frac{1}{n (n + 1)}.</cmath>
-From this, we find that <cmath>P(n) = (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4} \cdot \dots \cdot \frac {n - 1}{n}) \cdot \frac{1}{n +1}</cmath>
+So, <cmath>\frac{1}{n(n + 1)} < \frac{1}{2010}</cmath> <cmath>n(n+1) > 2010</cmath>
-Clearly, <cmath>P(n) = \frac{(n - 1)!}{(n + 1)!} = \frac{1}{n (n + 1)}</cmath>
+The minimum integer value of <math>n</math> satisfying this equation is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A)}45}</math>.
-So <cmath>\frac{1}{n(n + 1)} < \frac{1}{2010}</cmath> <cmath>n(n+1) > 2010</cmath>
-The minimum integer value of <math>n</math> is obviously <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A)}45}</math>.
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