2019 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 25
- The following problem is from both the 2019 AMC 10B #25 and 2019 AMC 12B #23, so both problems redirect to this page.
Contents
Problem
How many sequences of s and
s of length
are there that begin with a
, end with a
, contain no two consecutive
s, and contain no three consecutive
s?
Solution 1 (Recursion)
We can deduce, from the given restrictions, that any valid sequence of length will start with a
followed by either
or
.
Let
be the number of valid (meaning: the sequence contains 0s and 1s, starts and ends with both 0, and there are no two consecutive 0s and no three consecutive 1s) sequences of length
.
Then we can define a recursive function , with
(because otherwise, the sequence would contain only 0s and this is not allowed due to the give conditions).
We derived the recursive function, since for any valid sequence of length , you can append either
or
to return to the starting position, 0, and the resulting sequence will still satisfy the given conditions.
It is easy to find since the only possible valid sequence is
.
since the only possible valid sequence is
.
since the only possible valid sequence is
.
The recursive sequence is then as follows:
So, our answer is .
Contributors:
~Original Author
~solasky
~BakedPotato66
Solution 2 (casework)
After any particular , the next
in the sequence must appear exactly
or
positions down the line. In this case, we start at position
and end at position
, i.e. we move a total of
positions down the line. Therefore, we must add a series of
s and
s to get
. There are a number of ways to do this:
Case 1: nine s - there is only
way to arrange them.
Case 2: two s and six
s - there are
ways to arrange them.
Case 3: four s and three
s - there are
ways to arrange them.
Case 4: six s - there is only
way to arrange them.
Summing the four cases gives .
Solution 3 (casework and blocks)
We can simplify the original problem into a problem where there are binary characters with zeros at the beginning and the end. Then, we know that we cannot have a block of 2 zeroes and a block of 3 ones. Thus, our only options are a block of
s,
s, and
s. Now, we use casework:
Case 1: Alternating 1s and 0s. There is simply 1 way to do this: .
Now, we note that there cannot be only one block of
in the entire sequence, as there must be zeroes at both ends and if we only include 1 block, of
s this cannot be satisfied. This is true for all odd numbers of
blocks.
Case 2: There are 2 blocks. Using the zeroes in the sequence as dividers, we have a sample as
. We know there are 8 places for
s, which will be filled by
s if the
s don't fill them. This is
ways.
Case 3: Four blocks arranged. Using the same logic as Case 2, we have
ways to arrange four
blocks.
Case 4: No single blocks, only
blocks. There is simply one case for this, which is
.
Adding these four cases, we have as our final answer.
~Equinox8
Solution 4 (similar to #3)
Any valid sequence must start with a 0. We can then think of constructing a sequence as adding groups of terms to this 0, each ending in 0. (This is always possible, because every valid string ends in 0.) For example, we can represent the string 01011010110110 as: 0 - 10 - 110 - 10 - 110 - 110. To not have any consecutive 0s, we must have at least one 1 before the next 0. However, we cannot have 3 or more 1s before the next 0 because we cannot have 3 consecutive 1s. Consequently, we can only have one or two 1s. So we can have the groups: 10, 110.
After the initial 0, we have 18 digits left to fill in the string. Let the number of "10" blocks be x, and "110" be y. Then x and y must satisfy . We recognize this as a Diophantine equation. Taking
yields
. Since x and y must both be nonnegative, we get the solutions (9, 0); (6, 2); (3, 4); (0, 6). We now handle each of these cases separately.
(9, 0): Only one arrangement, namely all "01".
(6, 2): Of the 8, we choose 2 to be "001". This has 8C2=28 cases.
(3, 4): Of the 7, we choose 4 to be "001". This has 7C3=35 cases.
(0, 6): Only one arrangement, namely all "001".
Adding these, we have .
~Math4Life2020
Video Solution
For those who want a video solution: https://youtu.be/VamT49PjmdI
See Also
2019 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 24 |
Followed by Last Problem | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | ||
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions |
2019 AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | |
Preceded by Problem 22 |
Followed by Problem 24 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | |
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions |
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