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1995 AIME Problems/Problem 12

Revision as of 21:35, 29 July 2008 by Azjps (talk | contribs) (incomplete; both solutions written by 4everwise)

Problem

Pyramid $OABCD$ has square base $ABCD,$ congruent edges $\overline{OA}, \overline{OB}, \overline{OC},$ and $\overline{OD},$ and $\angle AOB=45^\circ.$ Let $\theta$ be the measure of the dihedral angle formed by faces $OAB$ and $OBC.$ Given that $\cos \theta=m+\sqrt{n},$ where $m_{}$ and $n_{}$ are integers, find $m+n.$

Solution

Solution 1 (trigonometry)

[asy] import three; triple A = (1,0,0), B=(0,0,0), C=(0,1,0), D=(1,1,0), O=(1,1,(1+2^.5)^.5)/2^.5, P=O*(18^.5-2)/5; /* , P = foot(A, O, B) */ draw(A--B--C--D--A--O--B--O--C--O--D); D(A--P--C); [/asy]

Template:Incomplete

The angle $\theta$ is the angle formed by two perpendiculars drawn to $BO$, one on the plane determined by $OAB$ and the other by $OBC$. Let the perpendiculars from $A$ and $C$ to $\overline{OB}$ meet $\overline{OB}$ at $P.$ Without loss of generality, let $AP = 1.$ It follows that $OP = AP = 1,$ $OB = OA = \sqrt {2},$ and $AB = \sqrt {4 - 2\sqrt {2}}.$ Therefore, $AC = \sqrt {8 - 4\sqrt {2}}.$

From the Law of Cosines, $AC^{2} = AP^{2} + PC^{2} - 2(AP)(PC)\cos \theta,$ so

\[8 - 4\sqrt {2} = 1 + 1 - 2\cos \theta \Longrightarrow \cos \theta = - 3 + 2\sqrt {2} = - 3 + \sqrt{8}.\]

Thus $m + n = \boxed{005}$.

Solution 2 (analytic/vectors)

Without loss of generality, place the pyramid in a 3-dimensional coordinate system such that $A = (1,0,0),$ $B = (0,1,0),$ $C = ( - 1,0,0),$ $D = (0, - 1,0),$ and $O = (0,0,z),$ where $z$ is unknown.

We first find $z.$ Note that

\[\overrightarrow{OA}\cdot \overrightarrow{OB} = \parallel \overrightarrow{OA}\parallel \parallel \overrightarrow{OB}\parallel \cos 45^\circ.\]

Since $\overrightarrow{OA} =\, <1,0, - z>$ and $\overrightarrow{OB} =\, <0,1, - z> ,$ this simplifies to

\[z^{2}\sqrt {2} = 1 + z^{2}\implies z^{2} = 1 + \sqrt {2}.\]

Now let's find $\cos \theta.$ Let $\vec{u}$ and $\vec{v}$ be normal vectors to the planes containing faces $OAB$ and $OBC,$ respectively. It follows that letting

\[\vec{u}\cdot \vec{v} = \parallel \vec{u}\parallel \parallel \vec{v}\parallel \cos \theta\]

will allow us to solve for $\cos \theta.$ A cross product yields

\[\vec{u} = \overrightarrow{OA}\times \overrightarrow{OB} = \left| \begin{array}{ccc}\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\ 1 & 0 & - z \\ 0 & 1 & - z \end{array}\right| =\, < z,z,1 > .\]

Similarly,

\[\vec{v} = \overrightarrow{OB}\times \overrightarrow{OC} - \left|\begin{array}{ccc}\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\ 0 & 1 & - z \\ - 1 & 0 & - z \end{array}\right| =\, < - z,z,1 > .\]

Hence, taking the dot product of $\vec{u}$ and $\vec{v}$ yields

\[- z^{2} + z^{2} + 1 = 1 = (\sqrt {1 + 2z^{2}})^{2}\cos \theta.\]

Simplifying,

\[\cos \theta = \frac {1}{3 + 2\sqrt {2}} = 3 - 2\sqrt {2} = 3 - \sqrt {8}.\]

Flipping the signs (we found the cosine of the supplement angle) yields $\cos \theta = - 3 + \sqrt {8},$ so the answer is $\boxed{005}$.

See also

1995 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 11 		Followed by
Problem 13
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions
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