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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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April 9th (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Learn about Video-based Summer Camps at the Virtual Campus
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[*]April 22nd (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Competitive Programming at AoPS (USACO).[/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
BMO 2024 SL A1
MuradSafarli   8
N a minute ago by ja.
A1.

Let \( u, v, w \) be positive reals. Prove that there is a cyclic permutation \( (x, y, z) \) of \( (u, v, w) \) such that the inequality:

\[
\frac{a}{xa + yb + zc} + \frac{b}{xb + yc + za} + \frac{c}{xc + ya + zb} \geq \frac{3}{x + y + z}
\]
holds for all positive real numbers \( a, b \) and \( c \).
8 replies
MuradSafarli
Apr 27, 2025
ja.
a minute ago
Medium geometry with AH diameter circle
v_Enhance   94
N 41 minutes ago by alexanderchew
Source: USA TSTST 2016 Problem 2, by Evan Chen
Let $ABC$ be a scalene triangle with orthocenter $H$ and circumcenter $O$. Denote by $M$, $N$ the midpoints of $\overline{AH}$, $\overline{BC}$. Suppose the circle $\gamma$ with diameter $\overline{AH}$ meets the circumcircle of $ABC$ at $G \neq A$, and meets line $AN$ at a point $Q \neq A$. The tangent to $\gamma$ at $G$ meets line $OM$ at $P$. Show that the circumcircles of $\triangle GNQ$ and $\triangle MBC$ intersect at a point $T$ on $\overline{PN}$.

Proposed by Evan Chen
94 replies
v_Enhance
Jun 28, 2016
alexanderchew
41 minutes ago
problem interesting
Cobedangiu   7
N 42 minutes ago by vincentwant
Let $a=3k^2+3k+1 (a,k \in N)$
$i)$ Prove that: $a^2$ is the sum of $3$ square numbers
$ii)$ Let $b \vdots a$ and $b$ is the sum of $3$ square numbers. Prove that: $b^n$ is the sum of $3$ square numbers
7 replies
1 viewing
Cobedangiu
Yesterday at 5:06 AM
vincentwant
42 minutes ago
another problem
kjhgyuio   1
N an hour ago by lpieleanu
........
1 reply
kjhgyuio
2 hours ago
lpieleanu
an hour ago
2^x+3^x = yx^2
truongphatt2668   9
N an hour ago by Jackson0423
Prove that the following equation has infinite integer solutions:
$$2^x+3^x = yx^2$$
9 replies
truongphatt2668
Apr 22, 2025
Jackson0423
an hour ago
Show that XD and AM meet on Gamma
MathStudent2002   92
N an hour ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: IMO Shortlist 2016, Geometry 2
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with circumcircle $\Gamma$ and incenter $I$ and let $M$ be the midpoint of $\overline{BC}$. The points $D$, $E$, $F$ are selected on sides $\overline{BC}$, $\overline{CA}$, $\overline{AB}$ such that $\overline{ID} \perp \overline{BC}$, $\overline{IE}\perp \overline{AI}$, and $\overline{IF}\perp \overline{AI}$. Suppose that the circumcircle of $\triangle AEF$ intersects $\Gamma$ at a point $X$ other than $A$. Prove that lines $XD$ and $AM$ meet on $\Gamma$.

Proposed by Evan Chen, Taiwan
92 replies
MathStudent2002
Jul 19, 2017
Ilikeminecraft
an hour ago
IMO 2010 Problem 5
mavropnevma   54
N 2 hours ago by shanelin-sigma
Each of the six boxes $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_3$, $B_4$, $B_5$, $B_6$ initially contains one coin. The following operations are allowed

Type 1) Choose a non-empty box $B_j$, $1\leq j \leq 5$, remove one coin from $B_j$ and add two coins to $B_{j+1}$;

Type 2) Choose a non-empty box $B_k$, $1\leq k \leq 4$, remove one coin from $B_k$ and swap the contents (maybe empty) of the boxes $B_{k+1}$ and $B_{k+2}$.

Determine if there exists a finite sequence of operations of the allowed types, such that the five boxes $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_3$, $B_4$, $B_5$ become empty, while box $B_6$ contains exactly $2010^{2010^{2010}}$ coins.

Proposed by Hans Zantema, Netherlands
54 replies
mavropnevma
Jul 8, 2010
shanelin-sigma
2 hours ago
3 var inequality
sqing   0
2 hours ago
Source: Own
Let $ a,b,c>0 . $ Prove that
$$ \left(1 +\frac{a}{b}\right)\left(1+\frac{b}{c}\right)\left(1+\frac{c}{a}\right )\geq  \frac{8}{3}\left(1+\frac{a+b}{b+c}+ \frac{b+c}{a+b}\right)$$$$ \left(1 +\frac{a^2}{b^2}\right)\left(1+\frac{b^2}{c^2}\right)\left(1+\frac{c^2}{a^2}\right )\geq \frac{8}{3}\left( 1+\frac{a^2+bc}{b^2+ca}+\frac{b^2+ca  }{a^2+bc}\right)$$
0 replies
sqing
2 hours ago
0 replies
IMO ShortList 1998, geometry problem 5
nttu   32
N 2 hours ago by lpieleanu
Source: IMO ShortList 1998, geometry problem 5
Let $ABC$ be a triangle, $H$ its orthocenter, $O$ its circumcenter, and $R$ its circumradius. Let $D$ be the reflection of the point $A$ across the line $BC$, let $E$ be the reflection of the point $B$ across the line $CA$, and let $F$ be the reflection of the point $C$ across the line $AB$. Prove that the points $D$, $E$ and $F$ are collinear if and only if $OH=2R$.
32 replies
1 viewing
nttu
Oct 14, 2004
lpieleanu
2 hours ago
a_n < b_n for large n
tastymath75025   11
N 3 hours ago by torch
Source: 2017 ELMO Shortlist A1
Let $0<k<\frac{1}{2}$ be a real number and let $a_0, b_0$ be arbitrary real numbers in $(0,1)$. The sequences $(a_n)_{n\ge 0}$ and $(b_n)_{n\ge 0}$ are then defined recursively by

$$a_{n+1} = \dfrac{a_n+1}{2} \text{ and } b_{n+1} = b_n^k$$
for $n\ge 0$. Prove that $a_n<b_n$ for all sufficiently large $n$.

Proposed by Michael Ma
11 replies
tastymath75025
Jul 3, 2017
torch
3 hours ago
primes,exponentials,factorials
skellyrah   4
N 3 hours ago by aaravdodhia
find all primes p,q such that $$ \frac{p^q+q^p-p-q}{p!-q!} $$is a prime number
4 replies
skellyrah
Yesterday at 6:31 PM
aaravdodhia
3 hours ago
Special line through antipodal
Phorphyrion   9
N 3 hours ago by ihategeo_1969
Source: 2025 Israel TST Test 1 P2
Triangle $\triangle ABC$ is inscribed in circle $\Omega$. Let $I$ denote its incenter and $I_A$ its $A$-excenter. Let $N$ denote the midpoint of arc $BAC$. Line $NI_A$ meets $\Omega$ a second time at $T$. The perpendicular to $AI$ at $I$ meets sides $AC$ and $AB$ at $E$ and $F$ respectively. The circumcircle of $\triangle BFT$ meets $BI_A$ a second time at $P$, and the circumcircle of $\triangle CET$ meets $CI_A$ a second time at $Q$. Prove that $PQ$ passes through the antipodal to $A$ on $\Omega$.
9 replies
Phorphyrion
Oct 28, 2024
ihategeo_1969
3 hours ago
Triangle form by perpendicular bisector
psi241   50
N 4 hours ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: IMO Shortlist 2018 G5
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with circumcircle $\Omega$ and incentre $I$. A line $\ell$ intersects the lines $AI$, $BI$, and $CI$ at points $D$, $E$, and $F$, respectively, distinct from the points $A$, $B$, $C$, and $I$. The perpendicular bisectors $x$, $y$, and $z$ of the segments $AD$, $BE$, and $CF$, respectively determine a triangle $\Theta$. Show that the circumcircle of the triangle $\Theta$ is tangent to $\Omega$.
50 replies
psi241
Jul 17, 2019
Ilikeminecraft
4 hours ago
Sequence with infinite primes which we see again and again and again
Assassino9931   3
N 4 hours ago by grupyorum
Source: Balkan MO Shortlist 2024 N6
Let $c$ be a positive integer. Prove that there are infinitely many primes, each of which divides at least one term of the sequence $a_1 = c$, $a_{n+1} = a_n^3 + c$.
3 replies
Assassino9931
Apr 27, 2025
grupyorum
4 hours ago
EGMO 2015, Problem 1
socrates   35
N Dec 11, 2024 by ihatemath123
Let $\triangle ABC$ be an acute-angled triangle, and let $D$ be the foot of the altitude from $C.$ The angle bisector of $\angle ABC$ intersects $CD$ at $E$ and meets the circumcircle $\omega$ of triangle $\triangle ADE$ again at $F.$
If $\angle ADF = 45^{\circ}$, show that $CF$ is tangent to $\omega .$
35 replies
socrates
Apr 16, 2015
ihatemath123
Dec 11, 2024
EGMO 2015, Problem 1
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
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socrates
2105 posts
#1 • 7 Y
Y by buratinogigle, AlastorMoody, Adventure10, Mango247, lian_the_noob12, ItsBesi, Captainscrubz
Let $\triangle ABC$ be an acute-angled triangle, and let $D$ be the foot of the altitude from $C.$ The angle bisector of $\angle ABC$ intersects $CD$ at $E$ and meets the circumcircle $\omega$ of triangle $\triangle ADE$ again at $F.$
If $\angle ADF = 45^{\circ}$, show that $CF$ is tangent to $\omega .$
Z K Y
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Aiscrim
409 posts
#3 • 3 Y
Y by adihaya, Adventure10, Mango247
Sorry synthetic
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TelvCohl
2312 posts
#4 • 7 Y
Y by buratinogigle, jam10307, MissionModi2019, enhanced, AllanTian, Adventure10, Irregular_37
My solution:

Let $ S \in BF $ be the incenter of $ \triangle BCD $ .

From $ \angle FDA=45^{\circ} $ we get $ DF $ is the external bisector of $ \angle BDC $ ,
so $ F $ is the B-excenter of $ \triangle BCD \Longrightarrow C, D, F, S $ are concyclic ,
hence $ \angle DAE=\angle DFS=\angle DCS \Longrightarrow AE \perp CS \Longrightarrow AE \parallel CF $ . ... $ (\star) $

Since $ \angle FEA=\angle FDA=45^{\circ}, \angle AFE=90^{\circ} $ ,
so we get the center of $ \omega $ is the midpoint $ T $ of $ AE $ and $ TF \perp AE $ ,
hence combine with $ (\star) $ we get $ CF $ is tangent to $ \omega $ at $ F $ .

Q.E.D
____________________________________________________________
EDIT : simpler solution ( thanks for navredras pointed me out :) )

After we get $ C, D, F, S $ are concyclic we can finish the proof as following :
From $ \angle EFC=\angle SDC=45^{\circ}=\angle EDF $ we get $ CF $ is tangent to $ \omega $ at $ F $ .

Done :-D
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by TelvCohl, Apr 16, 2015, 3:56 PM
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SmartClown
82 posts
#5 • 3 Y
Y by buratinogigle, Wizard_32, Adventure10
We easily get that $DF$ is the angle bisector of $\angle EDA$ so $F$ is equidistant from $AB$ and $CD$. $F$ also belongs to angle bisector of $\angle ABC$ so it is also equidistant from $AB$ and $BC$. From this we have that $F$ is the $B$-excenter of triangle $BCD$. From this we get $\angle BFC= 180 -  \angle CBF + \angle BCE + \angle ECF = 45 $ so we are finished.
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Mukhammadiev
79 posts
#6 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Let $\angle ABC=x$ and $\angle EAC=y.$ Since angle bisectors of $\angle ADC$ and $\angle ABC$ intersect at point $F$, obviously $F $ is the excenter of the triangle $BDC$. Hence $\angle DCF 45^0+x/2$(because $\angle BCD=90^0-x $. By easy angle chasing we obtain that $\angle  ECA=45^0+x/2-y$. Which leads to $\angle  ACF=y$. And $ AE $ parallel to $ CF $. So $\angle AEF=\angle EFC=45^0=\angle EDF$. Which clearly shows that $ CF $ tangent to $ w $
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aditya21
717 posts
#7 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
my solution =
since $\angle ADF=90-\angle CDB$ thus $DF$ is external angle bisector of $\angle CDB$
thus $F$ is $B$-excentre of triangle $CBD$.

hence $\angle DCF=90-\frac{\angle BCD}{2}=135-\frac{\angle B}{2}$

so,$\angle BFC=45=\angle EDF=\angle EAF$
as $A,D,E,F$ are concyclic.

and hence $CF$ is tangent to $\omega$
so we are done :D
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by aditya21, Apr 16, 2015, 7:39 PM
Reason: e
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thecmd999
2860 posts
#8 • 4 Y
Y by CT17, trigadd123, Adventure10, Mango247
Suppose $AF$ intersects $BC$ at $A'$. $BA=BA'$ and $BF\perp AA'$, so $\angle EA'F=\angle EAF=\angle ADF=45$, i.e. $A'FE$ is a 45-45-90 triangle. Angle chasing yields $\angle CAE=\angle CEA$, implying that $CF$ is the perpendicular bisector of $A'E$. Thus $\angle CFE=45=\angle FDE$, i.e. $CF$ is tangent to $\omega$.
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Guendabiaani
778 posts
#10 • 5 Y
Y by FlakeLCR, DrMath, Tommy2000, Adventure10, Mango247
Let $CM$ be the angle bisector of $\angle DCB$ with $M \in AB$. Furthermore let $I$ be the incenter of $\triangle DBC$ and $S = AE \cap CM$.

We know that $\angle FEA = 45^{\circ}$ then $\angle AEB = 135^{\circ}$ which means $$\dfrac{\angle ABC}{2} = \angle ABE = 180^{\circ} - 135^{\circ} - \angle EAB = 45^{\circ} - \angle EAB.$$ Then $\angle ABC = 90^{\circ} - 2\angle EAB$ implying $\angle DCB = 2\angle EAB$. Now since $CM$ is the angle bisector of $\angle DCB$ we know $\angle DCM = \angle EAB$. Therefore $\triangle ADE \sim \triangle CDM$ so we can rotate $\triangle ADE$ 90 degrees clockwise around $D$ and then do a homothety to get $\triangle CDM$. This means that any two corresponding lines in the two triangles are perpendicular, in particular $AE \perp CM$. Combining this with $CD \perp AB$ we easily get quadrilateral $ADSC$ is cyclic. This gives $CE \cdot ED = AE \cdot ES$. Furthermore since we know $\angle ESI = EFA = 90^{\circ}$ quadrilateral $FAIS$ is cyclic as well. This gives $FE \cdot EI = AE \cdot ES$. Therefore $CE \cdot ED = FE \cdot EI$ and so quadrilateral $FDIC$ is cyclic. This gives $\angle EFC = \angle IFC = \angle IDC = 45^{\circ}$ because $I$ is the incenter of $\triangle DCB$. Therefore $\angle EFC = \angle FAE = 45^{\circ}$ which gives $CF$ is tangent to the circumcircle of $\triangle AED$ as desired.
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aZpElr68Cb51U51qy9OM
1600 posts
#11 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Construct $X$ on $BC$ such that the circle with radius $DE$ and center $E$ is the incircle of $\triangle ABX$. Since $\angle BEA = 135^\circ$, we have that
\[\angle BXA = 180^\circ - 2(\angle EBA + \angle EAB) = 180^\circ - 2 \cdot 45^\circ = 90^\circ.\]So $BXFA$ is cyclic, so $\angle FAX = \angle FBX = \angle FBA = \angle FXA \implies FX = FA = FE$. Thus $\angle XCE = 90^\circ - \angle CBD = \angle XAB = \angle XFB$, so $CXEF$ is cyclic. So we have $\angle CFE = \angle BXE = \tfrac{\angle AXB}{2} = 45^\circ$, so $\angle CFE = \angle FAE \implies CF$ is tangent to $\omega$, as desired.
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v_Enhance
6877 posts
#12 • 8 Y
Y by TheMaskedMagician, ILIILIIILIIIIL, Wizard_32, e_plus_pi, Adventure10, Mango247, NicoN9, MattArg
Hmm, AoPS does not appear to support opacity :(
[asy]
import olympiad;
import cse5;
size(8cm);
defaultpen(fontsize(9pt));
pair A = dir(0);
pair B = dir(180);
pair F = dir(65);
pair D = extension(A, B, F, dir(205));
pair K = F*F;
pair C = extension(D, D+dir(90), B, K);
pair E = extension(B, F, C, D);

filldraw(unitcircle, palecyan+opacity(0.2), heavyblue);
filldraw(circumcircle(A, D, E), palered+opacity(0.2), red+dotted);

filldraw(CP(E,D), pink+opacity(0.2), magenta);
draw(arc(F,abs(E-F),170,310), orange+dashed);

draw(K--A--B--C--D, deepcyan);
draw(C--A, deepcyan+dashed);
draw(B--F--A, deepgreen);
draw(F--D, deepgreen);
draw(C--F, mediumred);

dot("$A$", A, dir(A));
dot("$B$", B, dir(B));
dot("$F$", F, dir(F));
dot("$D$", D, dir(225));
dot("$K$", K, dir(K));
dot("$C$", C, dir(C));
dot("$E$", E, dir(165));
[/asy]

Let $BC$ meet the circle with diameter $\overline{AB}$ at $K$
By the conditions of the problem, we have $FK = FE = FA$.
Thus $E$ is the incenter of $\triangle KBA$.

By angle chasing, we can now show that $\angle KFE = 90^{\circ} - \frac12 \angle KEF = \angle BCD$, so $KCFE$ is cyclic and thus $\angle CKE = 135^{\circ} \implies \angle CFE = 45^{\circ}$ as needed. One can also realize $CKEF$ is cyclic by noting $BE \cdot BF = BD \cdot BA = BK \cdot BC$. $\blacksquare$.




Alternatively, one can also finish using barycentric coordinates on $\triangle ABK$. Letting $a=BK$, $b=AK$, $c=AB$ we have $E = (a:b:c)$, $D = (s-b:s-a:0)$, and
\[ F = (a(a+c) : -b^2 : c(a+c))
	= (a(a+c) : a^2-c^2 : c(a+c))
= (a : a-c : c). \] But I guess I'll spare this problem...
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r31415
746 posts
#13 • 4 Y
Y by linpaws, Wizard_32, Adventure10, Mango247
Call the incenter of $\triangle BDC$ as $G$. Angle chasing makes us want $\angle FCG=90^\circ$, when we would be done from there. We have $BG/GE=BC/CE=BD/DE=BF/FA=BF/FE$ since $\overrightarrow {DF}$ bisects $\angle CDA$. Therefore $(B,E;G,F)$ is a harmonic bundle and from there it follows (provable with LoS) that $\angle FCG$ is right.
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by r31415, Apr 24, 2015, 2:26 AM
Reason: fixed typoes
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KudouShinichi
160 posts
#14 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Produce $AF $ to meet $BC $ at $ Q $

$ \triangle ABF \cong \triangle QFB $ and $ \angle DCB = 90 - \angle B $

We can see that $F $ is the excenter of $ \triangle BDC $ opposite to side $ DC $

$ \Rightarrow \angle FCE = 45 + \angle B/2 $

$ \angle BQF = 90- \angle B/2 $

Now $ \angle CFQ+\angle CQF = \angle FCB =\angle FCE +\angle ECB $

$\Rightarrow \angle CFQ = 45 = \angle CFE $, so by alternate segment we get that $ C $ is tangent to $ \omega $
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Sardor
804 posts
#15 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
It's easy because we have $ CF || EA $ and $ AF=FE $.
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IstekOlympiadTeam
542 posts
#16 • 3 Y
Y by rzqlzd, Adventure10, Mango247
my trigonometric solution
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henderson
312 posts
#17 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Since $ \angle ADF= \angle EDF=45^\circ$, we have $FA$=$FE$. Secondly. let's consider $A'$ the reflection of $A$ according to $BF$. Then we also have $FA$=$FA'$, so $FE$=$FA'$. By sines' law in $\triangle EFC$ and $\triangle A'FC$, we get $\frac{FC}{cos x}$=$\frac{FE}{sin \angle FCE}$ and $\frac{FC}{cos x}$=$\frac{FA'}{sin \angle FCA'}$, where $x=\frac{B}{2}$. From these two equations we get $\angle FCE$=$\angle FCA'$. And also $\angle FEC$=$\angle FA'C$, it means $\angle EFC$=$\angle A'FC$=$45^\circ$. So $\angle FDE$=$\angle EFC$, which exactly means that $CF$ is tangent to $\omega$.
Note: If $sin \angle FCE$=$sin \angle FCA'$, then $\angle FCE$=$\angle FCA'$ or their sum is equal to $180^\circ$. But if their sum is equal to $180^\circ$, then $B$=$D$ or $\angle ABC$=$90^\circ$ and it is noted that the triangle is acute-angled. So, it is impossible and $\angle FCE$=$\angle FCA'$.
This post has been edited 3 times. Last edited by henderson, Sep 26, 2015, 9:56 AM
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tenplusten
1000 posts
#18 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, farhad.fritl
I have also solution
Let $M=DF\cap AE$ and $AE\cap BC=T$ $BF\cap AC=K$
By using angle-chasing it suffices to prove that $FC || ME$ $\iff$

$\frac{FE}{EB}=\frac{CT}{TB}$

Here let $\measuredangle FBA=\alpha$
So we ll need to prove that
$\cos (2\alpha)\cdot sin^2 (45^{\circ})=sin (45^{\circ}+\alpha)\cdot sin(45^{\circ}-\alpha)$ which is obvious.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by tenplusten, Nov 13, 2016, 4:23 PM
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Wave-Particle
3690 posts
#19 • 3 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247, Hamzaachak
Solution
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anantmudgal09
1980 posts
#20 • 4 Y
Y by Wizard_32, AlastorMoody, Adventure10, Mango247
Note that $F$ is the $B$-excenter of $\triangle CBD.$ It follows that $$\angle FED-\angle FDE=\left(90^{\circ}+\frac{\angle B}{2}\right)- 45^{\circ}=\left(45^{\circ}+\frac{\angle B}{2}\right)=\angle DCF,$$so $\overline{FC}$ is tangent to circle $\omega,$ as desired.
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reveryu
218 posts
#21 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
How can we guess about drawing the diagram which satisfies the condition.
I have to draw so many times to get the right one. At first CF is almost the diameter of the circle!
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MarkBcc168
1595 posts
#22 • 2 Y
Y by AlastorMoody, Adventure10
Did you use ruler and compass? If you used, your diagram should be accurate.
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SecondWind
30 posts
#23 • 3 Y
Y by AlastorMoody, Adventure10, Mango247
Sorry for revive, but I think this is somewhat interesting:
Pascal's theorem?
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by SecondWind, Feb 21, 2019, 11:32 AM
Reason: typo
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Devastator
348 posts
#24 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
I don’t think my solution is here so here it is
hi
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Favel48
13 posts
#25 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Let $P=AF\cap DE$, then $E$ is orthocenter of $APB$. Angle chasing with the orthocenter gives $\angle CPB=\angle EAB$, and $\angle EBP=\angle EAF$, implying $PCB$ isosceles with $CP=CB$. Also, $PFB$ is isosceles, with $PF=PB$, implying $C$, and $F$ are on the perpendicular bisector of $PB$, therefore, $FC$ is the angle bisector of $\angle BFP$. And since $\angle BFP=90^{\circ}$, then $CFE=45^{\circ}$, proving the tangent with inscribed angle $\angle FED=45^{\circ}$.
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ubermensch
820 posts
#26 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Yay I think I found a new solution, although it seems considerably more complicated than previous solutions.
Firstly, notice $AE$ is the diameter of $\omega$, thus $\angle BFA =90^{\circ}$. Now let's angle chase in terms of $\angle ABC =\beta$.
As $\angle ADF= 45^{\circ} => \angle FDE= 45^{\circ}$. As $\angle EBC= \frac{\beta}2$ and $\angle ECB= 90^{\circ}- \beta => \angle DEF= 90^{\circ}+\frac{\beta}2=> \angle EFD= 45^{\circ} -\frac{\beta}2$. Using $ADEF$ is cyclic and right angles, $\angle EAF = \angle EDF=45^{\circ}$ and $\angle FEA = \angle FDA = 45^{\circ}$, thus $\angle EAD =45^{\circ} - \frac{\beta}2 => \angle BAF = 90^{\circ} - \frac{\beta}2$.
Here I struggled a bit till I got the idea of extending $AF$ to meet $BC$ at $X$- this almost immediately finishes off the problem. Noticing $\angle BXF= 180^{\circ} -(90^{\circ} + \frac{\beta}2) =90^{\circ}-\frac{\beta}2$, which turns out to equal $\angle BAX$, thus $AB=BX$- as $BF$ is perpendicular to $AX$, we get $AF=FX$, and as we already know $AF=FE => AF=FE=FX$. As $EF=FX$, and $\angle EFX=90^{\circ}=> \angle EXF = \angle FEX=45^{\circ}=\angle EAF => EA=AX$. As $\angle FEC=90^{\circ} -\frac{\beta}2 = \angle FXE => \angle CEX = 90^{\circ} - \frac{\beta}2 -45^{\circ}=45^{\circ} - \frac{\beta}2 = \angle CXE => CE=CX$. Thus by SSS $FEC \cong FXC => \angle EFC = \frac{\angle EFX}2=45^{\circ}$. Thus we're done by alternate tangent theorem as $\angle EFC = \angle EAC =45^{\circ}$.
Nice problem, took some time even though it was only angle chasing.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by ubermensch, Jul 28, 2019, 11:04 AM
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Jupiter_is_BIG
867 posts
#27 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Notation:
Let $\angle B=2x$.

One line proof:
We have $\angle DCB=90-2x$ and thus, $\angle BEC= 90+x$, but, $\angle FCD = 45+x\implies \angle EFC = \angle FDE =45^\circ$ and we are done.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Jupiter_is_BIG, Nov 24, 2019, 5:20 PM
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Cycle
79 posts
#28 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
I believe this solution is new.
https://i.imgur.com/iUiXAC8.png
Let $T$ be the point such that $E$ is the orthocenter of $\triangle TBC$, and define $X=BC\cap AT$. Let $\angle ABF=\angle FBX=\alpha$.

Note that since $\angle BFA=90$, $\angle TAD=90-\alpha$ so $\angle FTE=\alpha$. Then $TXEB$ is cyclic. Now, as $\angle FEA=45$, $\angle TEY=45+\alpha$ so $\angle DTB=45-\alpha$. This implies that $\angle DBT=45+\alpha$ so that $\angle CBT=45-\alpha$. Thus $XE||TB$, which means $TXEB$ is in fact an isosceles trapezoid. Then by symmetry, $\triangle FXC\cong \triangle FEC$, which means $\angle XFC=\angle CFE=45$. Thus $CF$ is tangent to $(ADEF)$ by the alternate segment theorem.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Cycle, Jan 5, 2020, 10:37 PM
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jayme
9787 posts
#29
Y by
Dear Mathlinkers,

http://jl.ayme.pagesperso-orange.fr/Docs/Orthique%20encyclopedie%207.pdf p. 91...

Sincerely
Jean-Louis
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Functional_equation
530 posts
#31
Y by
My Solution
Step 1:$BF=AB\cdot \cos \alpha $
Proof:
$ \angle AFB=\angle BDC=90 $
$ \angle BAF=90-\angle ABF=90-\alpha $

$ \frac{AB}{\sin 90}=\frac{BF}{\sin(90-\alpha)}\implies BF=AB\cdot \cos \alpha $
Step 2:$ CD=BC\cdot \sin 2\alpha $
Proof:
$ \angle ABC=2\alpha $

$ \frac{BC}{\sin 90}=\frac{CD}{\sin 2\alpha}\implies CD=BC\cdot \sin 2\alpha $
Step 3:$BE=\sqrt{2}AB\cdot \sin(45-\alpha) $
Proof:
$ \angle AEB=180-\angle AEF=180-\angle ADF=135 $
$ \angle BAE=\angle AEF-\angle ABE=45-\alpha $

$ \frac{AB}{\sin 135}=\frac{BE}{\sin (45-\alpha)}\implies BE=\sqrt{2}AB\cdot \sin(45-\alpha) $
Step 4:$ CE=\frac{\sqrt{2}\cdot AB\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)\cdot \sin \alpha}{\cos 2\alpha} $
Proof:
$ \angle EBC=\alpha $
$ \angle DCB=90-2\alpha $

$ \frac{CE}{\sin \alpha}=\frac{BE}{\sin (90-2\alpha)}=\frac{\sqrt{2}AB\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)}{\sin (90-2\alpha)}\implies CE=\frac{\sqrt{2}\cdot AB\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)\cdot \sin \alpha}{\cos 2\alpha} $
Step 5:$ CF^2=AB^2\cdot \cos^2\alpha+BC^2-2AB\cdot BC\cdot \cos^2\alpha $
Proof:
$ CF^2=BF^2+BC^2-2BF\cdot BC\cdot \cos \alpha=AB^2\cdot \cos^2\alpha+BC^2-2AB\cdot BC\cdot \cos^2\alpha $
Step 6:$AB=\frac{BC\cdot \cos 2\alpha}{\sqrt{2}\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)\cdot \cos \alpha} $
Proof:
$ \angle BCD=90-2\alpha $
$ \angle BEC=90+\alpha $

$ \frac{BC}{\sin(90+\alpha)}=\frac{BE}{\sin(90-2\alpha)}=\frac{\sqrt{2}AB\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)}{\sin(90-2\alpha)}\implies AB=\frac{BC\cdot \cos 2\alpha}{\sqrt{2}\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)\cdot \cos \alpha} $
Step 7:$CF=\sqrt{2}BC\cdot \sin \alpha $
Proof:
$AB=\frac{BC\cdot \cos 2\alpha}{\sqrt{2}\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)\cdot \cos \alpha} $

$ CF^2=AB^2\cdot \cos^2\alpha+BC^2-2AB\cdot BC\cdot \cos^2\alpha=2(BC\cdot \sin\alpha)^2\implies CF=\sqrt{2}BC\cdot \sin \alpha $
Step 8:$CE\cdot CD=2(BC\cdot \sin \alpha)^2 $
Proof:
$AB=\frac{BC\cdot \cos 2\alpha}{\sqrt{2}\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)\cdot \cos \alpha} $

$ CE\cdot CD=\frac{\sqrt{2}\cdot AB\cdot \sin(45-\alpha)\cdot \sin \alpha}{\cos 2\alpha}\cdot BC\cdot \sin 2\alpha=2(BC\cdot \sin \alpha)^2 $
Finish:
$CF^2=2(BC\cdot \sin \alpha)^2=CE\cdot CD $
$ CF^2=CE\cdot CD\implies CF$ is tangent to $\omega.$
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Functional_equation, Jun 27, 2020, 1:41 PM
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blackbluecar
302 posts
#32 • 3 Y
Y by Mango247, Mango247, Mango247
Simple when you see it, a bit hard to find.

Clearly, $F$ lies of the angle bisectors of $\angle ADC$ and $\angle ABC$. Thus, $F$ is an excenter of $\triangle CDB$. If we let $I$ be the incenter of $\triangle CDB$, by the incenter excenter lemma we have $\angle FCI= 90^{\circ}$. Notice that

$\angle EIC = \angle IBC + \angle ICB= \dfrac{1}{2} \left ( \angle DBC + \angle BCD\right ) = \dfrac{1}{2} \left (90^{\circ} \right ) = 45^{\circ}$.

So, $\angle CFI =45^{\circ}$. Clearly, $\angle FDC = 45^{\circ}$ which implies the result and concludes the proof. $\blacksquare$
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by blackbluecar, May 14, 2021, 2:17 PM
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Mogmog8
1080 posts
#33 • 1 Y
Y by centslordm
Notice $F$ is the $B$-excenter of $\triangle BCD.$ Hence, \begin{align*}\angle ECF&=90-\tfrac{1}{2}\angle BCD\\&=45+\tfrac{1}{2}\angle DBC\\&=180-45-(90-\angle DBE)\\&=180-\angle FAD-\angle ADF\\&=\angle DFA\\&=\angle DEA\end{align*}and $\overline{CF}\parallel\overline{AE}.$ We see $\angle CFA=\angle AEF=\angle FDE.$ $\square$
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jelena_ivanchic
151 posts
#34
Y by
oh god, took me so much time to realise that $F$ is the excenter.

Solution
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john0512
4185 posts
#35
Y by
is this even right

Delete point $A$ because it is irrelevant. We wish to show that if $\triangle BDC$ is a right triangle with a right angle at $D$, and the B-bisector hits $CD$ at $E$, and has B-excenter $F$, then $CF$ is tangent to $(DEF).$ Note that $\angle FDC=45$.

Let $\angle DBE=\theta$. Then, $\angle DEB=\angle FEC=90-\theta.$ Also, $\angle DCB=90-2\theta$, so $\angle DCF=45+\theta$, so $\angle EFC=45$. Since $$\angle FDC=\angle CFE=45,$$we are done.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by john0512, Jan 25, 2023, 4:16 AM
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ItsBesi
144 posts
#38
Y by
My solution is also simmilar to other solutions
$\angle CDA=90$
$\angle CDA=\angle CDF+\angle ADF$
$90=45+\angle CDF$
$\angle CDF=45$
$\angle ADF=\angle CDF$
$\implies$ $DF$ is angle bisector of $\angle CDA$ $...(1)$

$BE$ is the angle bisector of $\angle ABC$ $\implies$ $BE$ is also the angle bisector of $\angle CBD$ $...(2)$

$BE$ $\cap$ $DF$=$\{ F \}$ $\implies$ $F$ is the $B$-excenter of the $\triangle BDC$ because of $(1)$ and $(2)$
Since $F$ is the $B$-excenter we get that:
$CF$ is the angle bisector of the external angle of $\angle BCD$ $\implies$
$\angle FCE$= $\dfrac{1}{2}(180- \angle BCD)$ $...(3)$

From the $\triangle BDC$ we get:
$\angle BDC +\angle DBC +\angle BCD=180$
$90+\beta+\angle BCD=180$
$\angle BCD=90-\beta$ $...(4)$

Combining $(3)$ with $(4)$ we have:
$\angle FCE$= $\dfrac{1}{2}(180- \angle BCD)=\dfrac{1}{2}(90+\beta)=45+\dfrac{\beta}{2}$
$\angle FCE=45+\dfrac{\beta}{2}$

By $\square ADEF-cyclic$ we have:
$\angle FDE=\angle FAE=45=\angle FDA=\angle FEA$ $\implies$
$\angle FDE=\angle FDA=\angle FAE=\angle FEA=45$

Let $\angle DAE=x$ now from the $\triangle DAE$ we get:
$\angle ADE+\angle DAE+\angle AED=180$
$90+x+\angle AED=180$
$\angle AED=90-x$

$\angle CED=180$
$\angle CED=\angle AED+\angle AEF+ \angle FEC$
$180=90-x+45+\angle FEC$
$45+x=\angle FEC$
$\angle FEC=45+x$

$\angle FEC=\angle BED$
$\angle BED=45+x$ $...(5)$

From $\triangle BDE$
$\angle BDE+ \angle EBD+ \angle BED=180$
$90+\dfrac{\beta}{2}+45+x=180$
$x=45-\dfrac{\beta}{2}$ Combining with $(5)$ we get: $\angle BED=90-\dfrac{\beta}{2}$
$\angle FEC=\angle BED=90-\dfrac{\beta}{2}$
$\angle FEC=90-\dfrac{\beta}{2}$

Now from the $\triangle CEF$
$\angle FEC+ \angle FCE+ \angle CFE=180$
$90-\dfrac{\beta}{2}+45+\dfrac{\beta}{2}+ \angle CFE=180$
$\angle CFE=45$ $\implies$
$\angle CFE=\angle FAE$ $<=>$
$CF$ is tangent to $w$
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cj13609517288
1897 posts
#39
Y by
Let $\theta=\angle DBE$. Clearly $\angle AFE=90^{\circ}$, so $\angle EAF=\angle AEF=45^{\circ}$, so $\angle DFE=\angle DAE=45^{\circ}-\theta$. Now note that $\angle ADF=\angle CDF=45^{\circ}$ and $\angle DBF=\angle CBF$, so $F$ is the $B$-excenter of triangle $BCD$, so $\angle DFC=90^{\circ}-\theta$, so $\angle EFC=45^{\circ}=\angle EAF$ and we win. $\blacksquare$
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lifeismathematics
1188 posts
#40
Y by
Since $BE$ is angle bisector of $\angle{DBC}$ in $\triangle{BDC}$ we have incenter of $\triangle{BDC}$ $I \in BE$. Also since $\angle{ADF}=45^{\circ}$ we have $DF$ to be external angle bisector of $\angle{BDC}$ which gives $F$ to be $B-$ excenter of $\triangle{BCD}$. Now it is well known that $IDFC$ is cyclic , hence we have $\angle{IDC}=\angle{IFC}=\angle{FDE}=45^{\circ}$. Hence from the tangent secant theorem, we have $CF$ to be tangent to $\omega$, done. $\blacksquare$
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ihatemath123
3446 posts
#41
Y by
Since $F$ lies on the angle bisectors of $\angle CBD$ and $\angle CDA$, it is the $B$-excenter in $\triangle BCD$. We have
\[\angle CFB = 180^{\circ} - \frac{\angle B}{2} - \frac{180 - \angle C}{2} = 45^{\circ},\]and since $\angle FDE = 45^{\circ}$ too, the problem follows.
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