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k a March Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Mar 2, 2025
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0 replies
jlacosta
Mar 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Another SL problem about fibonacci numbers :3
MathLuis   13
N 4 minutes ago by hgomamogh
Source: ISL 2020 C4
The Fibonacci numbers $F_0, F_1, F_2, . . .$ are defined inductively by $F_0=0, F_1=1$, and $F_{n+1}=F_n+F_{n-1}$ for $n \ge 1$. Given an integer $n \ge 2$, determine the smallest size of a set $S$ of integers such that for every $k=2, 3, . . . , n$ there exist some $x, y \in S$ such that $x-y=F_k$.

Proposed by Croatia
13 replies
MathLuis
Jul 20, 2021
hgomamogh
4 minutes ago
USAMO 1983 Problem 2 - Roots of Quintic
Binomial-theorem   28
N 41 minutes ago by Marcus_Zhang
Source: USAMO 1983 Problem 2
Prove that the roots of\[x^5 + ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx + e = 0\] cannot all be real if $2a^2 < 5b$.
28 replies
1 viewing
Binomial-theorem
Aug 16, 2011
Marcus_Zhang
41 minutes ago
Find the period
Anto0110   0
44 minutes ago
Let $a_1, a_2, ..., a_k, ...$ be a sequence that consists of an initial block of $p$ positive distinct integers that then repeat periodically. This means that $\{a_1, a_2, \dots, a_p\}$ are $p$ distinct positive integers and $a_{n+p}=a_n$ for every positive integer $n$. The terms of the sequence are not known and the goal is to find the period $p$. To do this, at each move it possible to reveal the value of a term of the sequence at your choice.
If $p$ is one of the first $k$ prime numbers, find for which values of $k$ there exist a strategy that allows to find $p$ revealing at most $8$ terms of the sequence.
0 replies
Anto0110
44 minutes ago
0 replies
circle geometry showing perpendicularity
Kyj9981   2
N an hour ago by Double07
Two circles $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ intersect at points $A$ and $B$. A line through $B$ intersects $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ at points $C$ and $D$, respectively. Line $AD$ intersects $\omega_1$ at point $E \neq A$, and line $AC$ intersects $\omega_2$ at point $F \neq A$. If $O$ is the circumcenter of $\triangle AEF$, prove that $OB \perp CD$.
2 replies
+1 w
Kyj9981
Today at 11:53 AM
Double07
an hour ago
Diophantine equation
PaperMath   9
N an hour ago by gaussiemann144
Find the $5$ smallest positive solutions of $x$ that has an integer $k$ that satisfies $x^2=3k^2+4$
9 replies
PaperMath
Mar 12, 2025
gaussiemann144
an hour ago
How many ordered pairs of numbers can we find?
BR1F1SZ   2
N an hour ago by BR1F1SZ
Source: 2024 Argentina TST P6
Given $2024$ non-negative real numbers $x_1, x_2, \dots, x_{2024}$ that satisfy $x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_{2024} = 1$, determine the maximum possible number of ordered pairs $(i, j)$ such that
\[
x_i^2 + x_j \geqslant \frac{1}{2023}.
\]
2 replies
BR1F1SZ
Jan 25, 2025
BR1F1SZ
an hour ago
IMO 2009, Problem 5
orl   87
N 2 hours ago by asdf334
Source: IMO 2009, Problem 5
Determine all functions $ f$ from the set of positive integers to the set of positive integers such that, for all positive integers $ a$ and $ b$, there exists a non-degenerate triangle with sides of lengths
\[ a, f(b) \text{ and } f(b + f(a) - 1).\]
(A triangle is non-degenerate if its vertices are not collinear.)

Proposed by Bruno Le Floch, France
87 replies
orl
Jul 16, 2009
asdf334
2 hours ago
1978 USAMO #1
Mrdavid445   54
N 2 hours ago by Marcus_Zhang
Given that $a,b,c,d,e$ are real numbers such that

$a+b+c+d+e=8$,
$a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2=16$.

Determine the maximum value of $e$.
54 replies
Mrdavid445
Aug 16, 2011
Marcus_Zhang
2 hours ago
The return of a legend inequality
giangtruong13   4
N 2 hours ago by Double07
Source: Legacy
Given that $0<a,b,c,d<1$.Prove that: $$ (1-a)(1-b)(1-c)(1-d) > 1-a-b-c-d $$
4 replies
giangtruong13
4 hours ago
Double07
2 hours ago
degree of f=2^k
Sayan   15
N 2 hours ago by Gejabsk
Source: ISI 2012 #8
Let $S = \{1,2,3,\ldots,n\}$. Consider a function $f\colon S\to S$. A subset $D$ of $S$ is said to be invariant if for all $x\in D$ we have $f(x)\in D$. The empty set and $S$ are also considered as invariant subsets. By $\deg (f)$ we define the number of invariant subsets $D$ of $S$ for the function $f$.

i) Show that there exists a function $f\colon S\to S$ such that $\deg (f)=2$.

ii) Show that for every $1\leq k\leq n$ there exists a function $f\colon S\to S$ such that $\deg (f)=2^{k}$.
15 replies
Sayan
May 13, 2012
Gejabsk
2 hours ago
Local-global with Fibonacci numbers
MarkBcc168   26
N 2 hours ago by pi271828
Source: ELMO 2020 P2
Define the Fibonacci numbers by $F_1 = F_2 = 1$ and $F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2}$ for $n\geq 3$. Let $k$ be a positive integer. Suppose that for every positive integer $m$ there exists a positive integer $n$ such that $m \mid F_n-k$. Must $k$ be a Fibonacci number?

Proposed by Fedir Yudin.
26 replies
MarkBcc168
Jul 28, 2020
pi271828
2 hours ago
Cauchy functional equations
syk0526   10
N 2 hours ago by imagien_bad
Source: FKMO 2013 #2
Find all functions $ f : \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ satisfying following conditions.
(a) $ f(x) \ge 0 $ for all $ x \in \mathbb{R} $.
(b) For $ a, b, c, d \in \mathbb{R} $ with $ ab + bc + cd = 0 $, equality $ f(a-b) + f(c-d) = f(a) + f(b+c) + f(d) $ holds.
10 replies
syk0526
Mar 24, 2013
imagien_bad
2 hours ago
Three circles are concurrent
Twoisaprime   21
N 3 hours ago by L13832
Source: RMM 2025 P5
Let triangle $ABC$ be an acute triangle with $AB<AC$ and let $H$ and $O$ be its orthocenter and circumcenter, respectively. Let $\Gamma$ be the circle $BOC$. The line $AO$ and the circle of radius $AO$ centered at $A$ cross $\Gamma$ at $A’$ and $F$, respectively. Prove that $\Gamma$ , the circle on diameter $AA’$ and circle $AFH$ are concurrent.
Proposed by Romania, Radu-Andrew Lecoiu
21 replies
Twoisaprime
Feb 13, 2025
L13832
3 hours ago
IMO Shortlist 2011, Algebra 3
orl   45
N 3 hours ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: IMO Shortlist 2011, Algebra 3
Determine all pairs $(f,g)$ of functions from the set of real numbers to itself that satisfy \[g(f(x+y)) = f(x) + (2x + y)g(y)\] for all real numbers $x$ and $y$.

Proposed by Japan
45 replies
orl
Jul 11, 2012
Ilikeminecraft
3 hours ago
square geometry bisect $\angle ESB$
GorgonMathDota   12
N Today at 9:49 AM by AshAuktober
Source: BMO SL 2019, G1
Let $ABCD$ be a square of center $O$ and let $M$ be the symmetric of the point $B$ with respect to point $A$. Let $E$ be the intersection of $CM$ and $BD$, and let $S$ be the intersection of $MO$ and $AE$. Show that $SO$ is the angle bisector of $\angle ESB$.
12 replies
GorgonMathDota
Nov 8, 2020
AshAuktober
Today at 9:49 AM
square geometry bisect $\angle ESB$
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: BMO SL 2019, G1
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GorgonMathDota
1063 posts
#1
Y by
Let $ABCD$ be a square of center $O$ and let $M$ be the symmetric of the point $B$ with respect to point $A$. Let $E$ be the intersection of $CM$ and $BD$, and let $S$ be the intersection of $MO$ and $AE$. Show that $SO$ is the angle bisector of $\angle ESB$.
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by GorgonMathDota, Nov 8, 2020, 1:10 AM
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parmenides51
30628 posts
#2 • 2 Y
Y by amar_04, Mathlover_1
Seems approachable by Coordinates
Here we go
Attachments:
This post has been edited 7 times. Last edited by parmenides51, Nov 8, 2020, 2:30 AM
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VicKmath7
1385 posts
#3
Y by
Properties of this configuration :
$ASOB$ is cyclic, as well as $MDSA$
$AO$ is tangent to $(MAS)$ and $(DAS)$
Triangles $ASO$ and $ASD$ are similar, as well as $MAO$ and $MAC$
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by VicKmath7, Nov 9, 2020, 5:46 PM
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Kimchiks926
256 posts
#4 • 1 Y
Y by mkomisarova
Assume that $MC \cap AD = X$. It is easy to see that $AX$ is midline in the $\triangle MBC$, therefore $X$ is midpoint of $AD$ and $OX \parallel MB$.

Claim: Points $B,S,X$ are collinear.
Proof: Assume that $BS \cap MC = X'$. By Ceva's theorem in $\triangle MBE$, we have that $\frac{OE}{BO} =\frac{EX'}{X'M}$. This forces to have that $OX' \parallel MB$, which implies that $X = X'$

Let $Y$ be midpoint of $CD$. It is easy to see that $G$ is centroid of $\triangle ACD$, therefore points $A,S,E,Y$ are collinear. Observe that $\triangle BAX = \triangle DAY$. Simple angle chasing reveals that $\angle BSE = 90^{\circ}$. Since we have that $\angle BOA = \angle BSA =90^{\circ}$, then quadrilateral $ABOS$ is cyclic and consequently we have that $\angle BAO =\angle BSO = \angle OSE =45^{\circ}$. This proves that $SO$ is angle bisector of $\angle BSE$ as desired.
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Mahdi_Mashayekhi
689 posts
#5
Y by
Let $BS$ meet $MC$ at $N$.
Claim1 : $N$ is intersection of $AD$ and $MC$.
Proof : By Ceva Theorem we have $\frac {MA}{AB} . \frac {BO}{OE} . \frac {EN}{NM} = 1$ so $\frac {BO}{OE} = \frac {NM}{EN}$ so $ON || MB$.

Now we have $\angle EAD = \angle ECD = \angle NMA = \angle NBA$ so we have $\angle BSA = \angle 90 = \angle BOA$ so $ASOB$ is cyclic and we have $OA = OB$ so $\angle ASM = \angle BSO$ so $\angle ESO = \angle OSB$.
we're Done.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Mahdi_Mashayekhi, Feb 25, 2022, 6:05 PM
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Iora
194 posts
#6
Y by
Barycentric coordinates: $A(1,0,0),B(0,1,0),C(0,0,1),O(1:0:1),M(2,-1,0),$ where $a=c,a^2+c^2=b^2$
Calculate trivial determinants:$E(2:-1:2)$ , $S(4:-1:2)$.
One method is calculating the ratio of sides $\frac{SE}{SB}=\frac{EO}{OB}$. Or, using circle equation formula,$(AOB)=(ABS)\Rightarrow$ $AOSB$ is cyclic. By cyclic, $90=\angle BOA= \angle BSA \Rightarrow \angle BSE=90$ and $45=\angle BAC= \angle BSO \rightarrow \angle BSO=45$.

Since $\angle BSE-\angle BSO=45=\angle BSO$, we are done $\blacksquare$
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jayme
9767 posts
#7
Y by
Dear Mathlinkers,

https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6t48f6h2334497_square_geometry_bisect_angle_esb

Sincerely
Jean-Louis
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Tsikaloudakis
1018 posts
#8
Y by
λυση αργοτερα
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Tsikaloudakis
1018 posts
#9
Y by
see the figure
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ehuseyinyigit
773 posts
#10
Y by
Let one side of the square, ie. $AB=6x$. Quick calculation gives $MS=\dfrac{12x\sqrt{10}}{5}$ and $MO=3x\sqrt{10}$. Hence,
$$MA\cdot MB=72x^2=MS\cdot MO$$which implies $ASOB$ is cyclic, $AS\perp BS$. And $\angle OSB=45^{\circ}$ giving $\angle ESO=\angle BSO$ as desired.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by ehuseyinyigit, Jan 28, 2025, 5:47 PM
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ehuseyinyigit
773 posts
#11 • 1 Y
Y by MihaiT
VicKmath7 wrote:
Properties of this configuration :
$ASOB$ is cyclic, as well as $MDSA$
$AO$ is tangent to $(MAS)$ and $(DAS)$
Triangles $ASO$ and $ASD$ are similar, as well as $MAO$ and $MAC$

It has been proved above that $ASOB$ cyclic.

Claim: MASD is cyclic.

PROOF. We know $MS=12x\sqrt{10}/5$ and $AP=2x$. Thus $MP=2x\sqrt{10}$ and $PS=2x\sqrt{10}/5$. Hence $MP\cdot PS=8x^2=AP\cdot PF$ holds, implying $MASD$ is cyclic.

Claim: $AO$ is tangent to $(MAS)$ and $(DAS)$.

PROOF. Let $AO\cap SB=K$. Then
$$\angle AMS=45^{\circ}-\angle AOM=90^{\circ}-\angle AKS=\angle SAO$$proving our claim. $\angle AMO=\angle ADO$ shows the second tangency as well.

Claim: $ASD\sim OSA$.

PROOF. We showed in tangency that $\angle ADS=\angle SAO$. It sufficies to show $\angle DAS=\angle AOS$. On the other hand,
$$\angle DAS=45^{\circ}-\angle SAO=45^{\circ}+\angle AOS-45^{\circ}=\angle AOS$$giving the similarity between triangles.

Claim: $MAO\sim CAM$

PROOF. $MA^2=AO\cdot AC$ implies $(MOC)$ is tangent to $MA$ at $M$ giving the similarity.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by ehuseyinyigit, Jan 28, 2025, 6:07 PM
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miiirz30
8 posts
#12 • 1 Y
Y by MihaiT
Here's a different approach.

Claim: $MC$ is a symmedian in $\triangle BMD$.
Proof: $(BMD)$ is a circle with center $A$, therefore $CB$ and $CD$ are tangents.

Claim: $MASD$ is cyclic.
Proof: using the previous claim, $\angle{SAD} =  \angle{EAD} = \angle{ECD} = \angle{MCD} = \pi/4 - \angle{CMD} = \pi/4 - \angle{BMD} = \angle{SMD}$. Therefore, $\angle{OSD} = \pi/2$.

Claim: $(B, E; O, D) = -1$.
Proof: $(B, E; O, D) \stackrel{C}{=}  (B, M, A, P_{\infty}) = -1$.

The last two claims imply the desired result.
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AshAuktober
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Coordinate bashing works.
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