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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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April 9th (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Learn about Video-based Summer Camps at the Virtual Campus
[*]April 10th (Math Jam), 4:30pm PT/7:30pm ET, 2025 MathILy and MathILy-Er Math Jam: Multibackwards Numbers
[*]April 22nd (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Competitive Programming at AoPS (USACO).[/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
EGMO magic square
Lukaluce   13
N 3 minutes ago by YaoAOPS
Source: EGMO 2025 P6
In each cell of a $2025 \times 2025$ board, a nonnegative real number is written in such a way that the sum of the numbers in each row is equal to $1$, and the sum of the numbers in each column is equal to $1$. Define $r_i$ to be the largest value in row $i$, and let $R = r_1 + r_2 + ... + r_{2025}$. Similarly, define $c_i$ to be the largest value in column $i$, and let $C = c_1 + c_2 + ... + c_{2025}$.
What is the largest possible value of $\frac{R}{C}$?

Proposed by Paulius Aleknavičius, Lithuania
13 replies
Lukaluce
Yesterday at 11:03 AM
YaoAOPS
3 minutes ago
hard problem
Cobedangiu   0
28 minutes ago
Let $x,y>0$ and $\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+1=\dfrac{10}{x+y+1}$. Find max $A$ (and prove):
$A=\dfrac{x^2}{y}+\dfrac{y^2}{x}+\dfrac{1}{xy}$
0 replies
Cobedangiu
28 minutes ago
0 replies
one cyclic formed by two cyclic
CrazyInMath   29
N 31 minutes ago by NuMBeRaToRiC
Source: EGMO 2025/3
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle. Points $B, D, E$, and $C$ lie on a line in this order and satisfy $BD = DE = EC$. Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of $AD$ and $AE$, respectively. Suppose triangle $ADE$ is acute, and let $H$ be its orthocentre. Points $P$ and $Q$ lie on lines $BM$ and $CN$, respectively, such that $D, H, M,$ and $P$ are concyclic and pairwise different, and $E, H, N,$ and $Q$ are concyclic and pairwise different. Prove that $P, Q, N,$ and $M$ are concyclic.
29 replies
3 viewing
CrazyInMath
Sunday at 12:38 PM
NuMBeRaToRiC
31 minutes ago
IMO Problem 5
iandrei   23
N an hour ago by eevee9406
Source: IMO ShortList 2003, algebra problem 4
Let $n$ be a positive integer and let $x_1\le x_2\le\cdots\le x_n$ be real numbers.
Prove that

\[
          \left(\sum_{i,j=1}^{n}|x_i-x_j|\right)^2\le\frac{2(n^2-1)}{3}\sum_{i,j=1}^{n}(x_i-x_j)^2.
             \]
Show that the equality holds if and only if $x_1, \ldots, x_n$ is an arithmetic sequence.
23 replies
1 viewing
iandrei
Jul 14, 2003
eevee9406
an hour ago
Parallelograms and concyclicity
Lukaluce   20
N an hour ago by MathLuis
Source: EGMO 2025 P4
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with incentre $I$ and $AB \neq AC$. Let lines $BI$ and $CI$ intersect the circumcircle of $ABC$ at $P \neq B$ and $Q \neq C$, respectively. Consider points $R$ and $S$ such that $AQRB$ and $ACSP$ are parallelograms (with $AQ \parallel RB, AB \parallel QR, AC \parallel SP$, and $AP \parallel CS$). Let $T$ be the point of intersection of lines $RB$ and $SC$. Prove that points $R, S, T$, and $I$ are concyclic.
20 replies
Lukaluce
Yesterday at 10:59 AM
MathLuis
an hour ago
Turbo's en route to visit each cell of the board
Lukaluce   13
N an hour ago by MathLuis
Source: EGMO 2025 P5
Let $n > 1$ be an integer. In a configuration of an $n \times n$ board, each of the $n^2$ cells contains an arrow, either pointing up, down, left, or right. Given a starting configuration, Turbo the snail starts in one of the cells of the board and travels from cell to cell. In each move, Turbo moves one square unit in the direction indicated by the arrow in her cell (possibly leaving the board). After each move, the arrows in all of the cells rotate $90^{\circ}$ counterclockwise. We call a cell good if, starting from that cell, Turbo visits each cell of the board exactly once, without leaving the board, and returns to her initial cell at the end. Determine, in terms of $n$, the maximum number of good cells over all possible starting configurations.

Proposed by Melek Güngör, Turkey
13 replies
Lukaluce
Yesterday at 11:01 AM
MathLuis
an hour ago
equal angles
jhz   6
N 2 hours ago by aidan0626
Source: 2025 CTST P16
In convex quadrilateral $ABCD, AB \perp AD, AD = DC$. Let $ E$ be a point on side $BC$, and $F$ be a point on the extension of $DE$ such that $\angle ABF = \angle DEC>90^{\circ}$. Let $O$ be the circumcenter of $\triangle CDE$, and $P$ be a point on the side extension of $FO$ satisfying $FB =FP$. Line BP intersects AC at point Q. Prove that $\angle AQB =\angle DPF.$
6 replies
jhz
Mar 26, 2025
aidan0626
2 hours ago
Very easy number theory
darij grinberg   101
N 2 hours ago by sharknavy75
Source: IMO Shortlist 2000, N1, 6th Kolmogorov Cup, 1-8 December 2002, 1st round, 1st league,
Determine all positive integers $ n\geq 2$ that satisfy the following condition: for all $ a$ and $ b$ relatively prime to $ n$ we have \[a \equiv b \pmod n\qquad\text{if and only if}\qquad ab\equiv 1 \pmod n.\]
101 replies
darij grinberg
Aug 6, 2004
sharknavy75
2 hours ago
Looks difficult number mock#5
Physicsknight   1
N 3 hours ago by Physicsknight
Source: Vadilal factory
Consider $a_1,a_2,\hdots,a_b$ be distinct prime numbers. Let $\alpha_i=\sqrt{a}, \,\mathrm{A}=\mathbb{Q}[\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\hdots,\alpha_b]$
Let $\gamma=\sum\,\alpha_i$
[list]
[*] Prove that $[\mathrm{A}:\mathbb{Q}]=2^b$
[*] Prove that $\mathrm{A}=\mathbb{Q}[\gamma];$ and deduce that the minimum polynomial $f(X)$ of $\gamma$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ has degree $2^b.$
[*] Prove that $f(X)$ factors in $\mathbb{Z}_a[X]$ into a product of polynomials of degree $\leq 4 \,(a\ne 2)$ either of degree $\leq 8\,(a=2)$
[/list]
1 reply
Physicsknight
Yesterday at 1:51 PM
Physicsknight
3 hours ago
IMO 2011 Problem 5
orl   83
N 3 hours ago by Ihatecombin
Let $f$ be a function from the set of integers to the set of positive integers. Suppose that, for any two integers $m$ and $n$, the difference $f(m) - f(n)$ is divisible by $f(m- n)$. Prove that, for all integers $m$ and $n$ with $f(m) \leq f(n)$, the number $f(n)$ is divisible by $f(m)$.

Proposed by Mahyar Sefidgaran, Iran
83 replies
orl
Jul 19, 2011
Ihatecombin
3 hours ago
Four-variable FE mod n
TheUltimate123   1
N 3 hours ago by jasperE3
Source: PRELMO 2023/3 (http://tinyurl.com/PRELMO)
Let \(n\) be a positive integer, and let \(\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z\) denote the integers modulo \(n\). Determine the number of functions \(f:(\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z)^4\to\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z\) satisfying \begin{align*}     &f(a,b,c,d)+f(a+b,c,d,e)+f(a,b,c+d,e)\\     &=f(b,c,d,e)+f(a,b+c,d,e)+f(a,b,c,d+e). \end{align*}for all \(a,b,c,d,e\in\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z\).
1 reply
TheUltimate123
Jul 11, 2023
jasperE3
3 hours ago
Nice FE from Canada Winter Camp
AshAuktober   2
N 3 hours ago by jasperE3
Source: Canada Winter (please provide a link, I can't use search function well on a train)
Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{Z}$ such that $f(x+y)<f(x)+f(y)$ and $f(f(x))=\lfloor x\rfloor+2$ for all reals $x,y$.
2 replies
AshAuktober
Apr 12, 2025
jasperE3
3 hours ago
Simple FE on National Contest
somebodyyouusedtoknow   7
N 3 hours ago by jasperE3
Source: INAMO 2023 P2 (OSN 2023)
Determine all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that the following equation holds for every real $x,y$:
\[ f(f(x) + y) = \lfloor x + f(f(y)) \rfloor. \]Note: $\lfloor x \rfloor$ denotes the greatest integer not greater than $x$.
7 replies
somebodyyouusedtoknow
Aug 29, 2023
jasperE3
3 hours ago
BMO Shortlist 2021 A6
Lukaluce   12
N 4 hours ago by jasperE3
Source: BMO Shortlist 2021
Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that
$$f(xy) = f(x)f(y) + f(f(x + y))$$holds for all $x, y \in \mathbb{R}$.
12 replies
Lukaluce
May 8, 2022
jasperE3
4 hours ago
VMO 2022 problem 7 day 2
799786   2
N Aug 2, 2023 by trinhquockhanh
Source: Vietnam Mathematical Olympiad problem 7 day 2
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle, $B,C$ fixed, $A$ moves on the big arc $BC$ of $(ABC)$. Let $O$ be the circumcenter of $(ABC)$ $(B,O,C$ are not collinear, $AB \ne AC)$, $(I)$ is the incircle of triangle $ABC$. $(I)$ tangents to $BC$ at $D$. Let $I_a$ be the $A$-excenter of triangle $ABC$. $I_aD$ cuts $OI$ at $L$. Let $E$ lies on $(I)$ such that $DE \parallel AI$.
a) $LE$ cuts $AI$ at $F$. Prove that $AF=AI$.
b) Let $M$ lies on the circle $(J)$ go through $I_a,B,C$ such that $I_aM \parallel AD$. $MD$ cuts $(J)$ again at $N$. Prove that the midpoint $T$ of $MN$ lies on a fixed circle.
2 replies
799786
Mar 5, 2022
trinhquockhanh
Aug 2, 2023
VMO 2022 problem 7 day 2
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G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: Vietnam Mathematical Olympiad problem 7 day 2
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799786
1052 posts
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Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle, $B,C$ fixed, $A$ moves on the big arc $BC$ of $(ABC)$. Let $O$ be the circumcenter of $(ABC)$ $(B,O,C$ are not collinear, $AB \ne AC)$, $(I)$ is the incircle of triangle $ABC$. $(I)$ tangents to $BC$ at $D$. Let $I_a$ be the $A$-excenter of triangle $ABC$. $I_aD$ cuts $OI$ at $L$. Let $E$ lies on $(I)$ such that $DE \parallel AI$.
a) $LE$ cuts $AI$ at $F$. Prove that $AF=AI$.
b) Let $M$ lies on the circle $(J)$ go through $I_a,B,C$ such that $I_aM \parallel AD$. $MD$ cuts $(J)$ again at $N$. Prove that the midpoint $T$ of $MN$ lies on a fixed circle.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by 799786, Mar 5, 2022, 6:48 AM
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khanhnx
1618 posts
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Y by Kyleray
a) Relabel $E$ be $S$ and $F$ be $R$. Let $E, F$ be contact points of $(I)$ with $CA, AB;$ $B_e$ be Bevan point of $\triangle ABC$. We have $\dfrac{\overline{LS}}{\overline{LR}} = \dfrac{\overline{LD}}{\overline{LI_a}} = \dfrac{\overline{LI}}{\overline{LB_e}}$, so $R$ $\in$ $(B_e, B_eI_a)$. Hence if we let $I_b, I_c$ be $B$ - excenter, $C$ - excenter of $\triangle ABC$ then $I$ is orthocenter of $\triangle I_aI_bI_c,$ so $AI = AR$
b) First, we will prove that $N$ be second intersection of $(I_aBC)$ and $(I_aI_bI_c)$. We change the original problem into the following configuration
Configuration. Given $\triangle ABC$ with altitude $AD, BE, CF$ and orthocenter $H$. Let $D'$ be orthogonal projection of $H$ on $EF,$ $S$ be a point on $AEF$ such as $AS$ $\parallel$ $DD'$. $SD'$ intersects $(AEF)$ again at $R$. Prove that $R$ $\in$ $(ABC)$
Proof. Let $E', F'$ be orthogonal projection of $H$ on $FD, DE$ then it's easy to see that $\triangle ABC$ and $\triangle D'E'F'$ are homothetic. So $AS$ is $A$ - symmedian of $\triangle ABC,$ which means $AS$ passes through midpoint $M$ of $EF$. Redefine $R$ is second intersection of $(ABC)$ and $(AEF)$. Since $$(EF, HR) = A(EF, HR) = A(CB, DR) = - 1$$we have $HERF$ is harmonic quadrilateral. Hence if we let $Q$ be second intersection of $HM$ with $(AEF)$ then $RQ$ $\parallel$ $EF$. So $$(SD', SR) \equiv (SD', SH) + (SH, SR) \equiv (MD', MH) + (QH, QR) \equiv 0 \pmod \pi$$or $S, D', R$ are collinear
In the main problem, let $U$ be midpoint of arc $BC$ not containing $A,$ $W$ be intersection of $MN$ with $UO$. We will prove that $W$ is fixed, hence $T$ lies on $\bigodot(UW)$ which is fixed. We consider the following configuration
Configuration. Given $\triangle ABC$ inscribed in $(O)$ with $B, C$ are fixed, $A$ moves on $(O)$. Let $H$ be orthocenter of $\triangle ABC$. $\bigodot(AH)$ intersects $(O)$ again at $R;$ $D$ $\equiv$ $AH$ $\cap$ $BC$. $RD$ intersects the line through $O$ and perpendicular to $BC$ at $W$. Prove that $W$ is fixed
Proof. Let $M$ be midpoint of $BC,$ tangents at $B, C$ of $(O)$ intersect at $S,$ $RD$ intersects $(O)$ again at $V,$ $J$ be $A$ - Humpty point of $\triangle ABC,$ $JV, AS$ intersect $BC$ at $Y, X$. We have $\dfrac{VB}{VC} = \dfrac{DB}{DC} \cdot \dfrac{RC}{RB} = \dfrac{AB}{AC},$ then $V$ $\in$ $AS$. We have $$V(MX, YD) = (MX, YD) = \dfrac{\overline{YM}}{\overline{YX}} : \dfrac{\overline{DM}}{\overline{DX}} = \dfrac{\overline{YM}}{\overline{DM}} \cdot \dfrac{\overline{DX}}{\overline{YX}} = \dfrac{\overline{YJ}}{\overline{DA}} \cdot \dfrac{\overline{DA}}{\overline{YV}} = - 1 = V(MS, JW)$$Then $W$ is midpoint of $MS$. But $(O), B, C$ are fixed then $M, S$ are fixed, hence $W$ is fixed
This post has been edited 3 times. Last edited by khanhnx, Mar 5, 2022, 2:22 PM
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trinhquockhanh
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