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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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April 9th (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Learn about Video-based Summer Camps at the Virtual Campus
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[*]April 22nd (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Competitive Programming at AoPS (USACO).[/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
pqr/uvw convert
Nguyenhuyen_AG   8
N a few seconds ago by Victoria_Discalceata1
Source: https://github.com/nguyenhuyenag/pqr_convert
Hi everyone,
As we know, the pqr/uvw method is a powerful and useful tool for proving inequalities. However, transforming an expression $f(a,b,c)$ into $f(p,q,r)$ or $f(u,v,w)$ can sometimes be quite complex. That's why I’ve written a program to assist with this process.
I hope you’ll find it helpful!

Download: pqr_convert

Screenshot:
IMAGE
IMAGE
8 replies
+1 w
Nguyenhuyen_AG
Apr 19, 2025
Victoria_Discalceata1
a few seconds ago
Inspired by hlminh
sqing   2
N 3 minutes ago by SPQ
Source: Own
Let $ a,b,c $ be real numbers such that $ a^2+b^2+c^2=1. $ Prove that $$ |a-kb|+|b-kc|+|c-ka|\leq \sqrt{3k^2+2k+3}$$Where $ k\geq 0 . $
2 replies
1 viewing
sqing
Yesterday at 4:43 AM
SPQ
3 minutes ago
A cyclic inequality
KhuongTrang   3
N 8 minutes ago by KhuongTrang
Source: own-CRUX
IMAGE
https://cms.math.ca/.../uploads/2025/04/Wholeissue_51_4.pdf
3 replies
1 viewing
KhuongTrang
Monday at 4:18 PM
KhuongTrang
8 minutes ago
Tiling rectangle with smaller rectangles.
MarkBcc168   60
N 14 minutes ago by cursed_tangent1434
Source: IMO Shortlist 2017 C1
A rectangle $\mathcal{R}$ with odd integer side lengths is divided into small rectangles with integer side lengths. Prove that there is at least one among the small rectangles whose distances from the four sides of $\mathcal{R}$ are either all odd or all even.

Proposed by Jeck Lim, Singapore
60 replies
+1 w
MarkBcc168
Jul 10, 2018
cursed_tangent1434
14 minutes ago
ALGEBRA INEQUALITY
Tony_stark0094   2
N 35 minutes ago by Sedro
$a,b,c > 0$ Prove that $$\frac{a^2+bc}{b+c} + \frac{b^2+ac}{a+c} + \frac {c^2 + ab}{a+b} \geq a+b+c$$
2 replies
Tony_stark0094
an hour ago
Sedro
35 minutes ago
Checking a summand property for integers sufficiently large.
DinDean   2
N an hour ago by DinDean
For any fixed integer $m\geqslant 2$, prove that there exists a positive integer $f(m)$, such that for any integer $n\geqslant f(m)$, $n$ can be expressed by a sum of positive integers $a_i$'s as
\[n=a_1+a_2+\dots+a_m,\]where $a_1\mid a_2$, $a_2\mid a_3$, $\dots$, $a_{m-1}\mid a_m$ and $1\leqslant a_1<a_2<\dots<a_m$.
2 replies
DinDean
Yesterday at 5:21 PM
DinDean
an hour ago
Bunnies hopping around in circles
popcorn1   22
N an hour ago by awesomeming327.
Source: USA December TST for IMO 2023, Problem 1 and USA TST for EGMO 2023, Problem 1
There are $2022$ equally spaced points on a circular track $\gamma$ of circumference $2022$. The points are labeled $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_{2022}$ in some order, each label used once. Initially, Bunbun the Bunny begins at $A_1$. She hops along $\gamma$ from $A_1$ to $A_2$, then from $A_2$ to $A_3$, until she reaches $A_{2022}$, after which she hops back to $A_1$. When hopping from $P$ to $Q$, she always hops along the shorter of the two arcs $\widehat{PQ}$ of $\gamma$; if $\overline{PQ}$ is a diameter of $\gamma$, she moves along either semicircle.

Determine the maximal possible sum of the lengths of the $2022$ arcs which Bunbun traveled, over all possible labellings of the $2022$ points.

Kevin Cong
22 replies
popcorn1
Dec 12, 2022
awesomeming327.
an hour ago
Iran second round 2025-q1
mohsen   4
N an hour ago by MathLuis
Find all positive integers n>2 such that sum of n and any of its prime divisors is a perfect square.
4 replies
mohsen
Apr 19, 2025
MathLuis
an hour ago
Dear Sqing: So Many Inequalities...
hashtagmath   37
N an hour ago by hashtagmath
I have noticed thousands upon thousands of inequalities that you have posted to HSO and was wondering where you get the inspiration, imagination, and even the validation that such inequalities are true? Also, what do you find particularly appealing and important about specifically inequalities rather than other branches of mathematics? Thank you :)
37 replies
hashtagmath
Oct 30, 2024
hashtagmath
an hour ago
integer functional equation
ABCDE   148
N 2 hours ago by Jakjjdm
Source: 2015 IMO Shortlist A2
Determine all functions $f:\mathbb{Z}\rightarrow\mathbb{Z}$ with the property that \[f(x-f(y))=f(f(x))-f(y)-1\]holds for all $x,y\in\mathbb{Z}$.
148 replies
ABCDE
Jul 7, 2016
Jakjjdm
2 hours ago
IMO Shortlist 2013, Number Theory #1
lyukhson   152
N 2 hours ago by Jakjjdm
Source: IMO Shortlist 2013, Number Theory #1
Let $\mathbb{Z} _{>0}$ be the set of positive integers. Find all functions $f: \mathbb{Z} _{>0}\rightarrow \mathbb{Z} _{>0}$ such that
\[ m^2 + f(n) \mid mf(m) +n \]
for all positive integers $m$ and $n$.
152 replies
lyukhson
Jul 10, 2014
Jakjjdm
2 hours ago
9x9 Board
mathlover314   8
N 2 hours ago by sweetbird108
There is a $9x9$ board with a number written in each cell. Every two neighbour rows sum up to at least $20$, and every two neighbour columns sum up to at most $16$. Find the sum of all numbers on the board.
8 replies
mathlover314
May 6, 2023
sweetbird108
2 hours ago
Estonian Math Competitions 2005/2006
STARS   3
N 3 hours ago by Darghy
Source: Juniors Problem 4
A $ 9 \times 9$ square is divided into unit squares. Is it possible to fill each unit square with a number $ 1, 2,..., 9$ in such a way that, whenever one places the tile so that it fully covers nine unit squares, the tile will cover nine different numbers?
3 replies
STARS
Jul 30, 2008
Darghy
3 hours ago
Woaah a lot of external tangents
egxa   1
N 3 hours ago by HormigaCebolla
Source: All Russian 2025 11.7
A quadrilateral \( ABCD \) with no parallel sides is inscribed in a circle \( \Omega \). Circles \( \omega_a, \omega_b, \omega_c, \omega_d \) are inscribed in triangles \( DAB, ABC, BCD, CDA \), respectively. Common external tangents are drawn between \( \omega_a \) and \( \omega_b \), \( \omega_b \) and \( \omega_c \), \( \omega_c \) and \( \omega_d \), and \( \omega_d \) and \( \omega_a \), not containing any sides of quadrilateral \( ABCD \). A quadrilateral whose consecutive sides lie on these four lines is inscribed in a circle \( \Gamma \). Prove that the lines joining the centers of \( \omega_a \) and \( \omega_c \), \( \omega_b \) and \( \omega_d \), and the centers of \( \Omega \) and \( \Gamma \) all intersect at one point.
1 reply
egxa
Apr 18, 2025
HormigaCebolla
3 hours ago
Again geometry involving two circles that intersect
Valentin Vornicu   6
N Jan 6, 2017 by reveryu
Source: Balkan MO 1995, Problem 2
The circles $\mathcal C_1(O_1, r_1)$ and $\mathcal C_2(O_2, r_2)$, $r_2 > r_1$, intersect at $A$ and $B$ such that $\angle O_1AO_2 = 90^\circ$. The line $O_1O_2$ meets $\mathcal C_1$ at $C$ and $D$, and $\mathcal C_2$ at $E$ and $F$ (in the order $C$, $E$, $D$, $F$). The line $BE$ meets $\mathcal C_1$ at $K$ and $AC$ at $M$, and the line $BD$ meets $\mathcal C_2$ at $L$ and $AF$ at $N$. Prove that
\[ \frac{ r_2}{r_1} = \frac{KE}{KM} \cdot \frac{LN}{LD} . \]
Greece
6 replies
Valentin Vornicu
Apr 24, 2006
reveryu
Jan 6, 2017
Again geometry involving two circles that intersect
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: Balkan MO 1995, Problem 2
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Valentin Vornicu
7301 posts
#1 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
The circles $\mathcal C_1(O_1, r_1)$ and $\mathcal C_2(O_2, r_2)$, $r_2 > r_1$, intersect at $A$ and $B$ such that $\angle O_1AO_2 = 90^\circ$. The line $O_1O_2$ meets $\mathcal C_1$ at $C$ and $D$, and $\mathcal C_2$ at $E$ and $F$ (in the order $C$, $E$, $D$, $F$). The line $BE$ meets $\mathcal C_1$ at $K$ and $AC$ at $M$, and the line $BD$ meets $\mathcal C_2$ at $L$ and $AF$ at $N$. Prove that
\[ \frac{ r_2}{r_1} = \frac{KE}{KM} \cdot \frac{LN}{LD} . \]
Greece
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sprmnt21
279 posts
#2 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
The claim is a consequence of the following lemma:

LemmaRL26042006.

Let c1(O1,r1) and c2(O2,r2) be twoo orthogonal circles having twoo common points A and B. If D = c1/\O1O2 and F is the external (wrt c1) end of the diameter of c2 through O1, and N and L are the intersection of BD with AF, then DN/LN = r1/r2.


Proof.

Later on ...
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Bismarck
12 posts
#3 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
anyone can give a proof?
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camaronsou
4 posts
#4 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Manipulating angles, have to prove that K is the midpoint of the arc(CD) and AM is the angle bisector of angle(KAE).
So KM/ME=AK/AE (the interior angle bisector theorem)
But AK/AE=r_1/r_2 because if you aplicate a dilatative rotation with center = A, angle of rotation = O_1A O_2, quotient of homothecy = r2/r1, then C_1--> C_2 and K--> E.
Then, with a little of algebra KE/KM=(r_1+r_2)/r_1.
Similarly, LN/LD=r_2/(r_1+r_2), and the result follows.
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Virgil Nicula
7054 posts
#5 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
PP (Balkan MO 1995). The circles $ \mathcal C_1(O_1, r_1)$ and $ \mathcal C_2(O_2, r_2)$ , $ r_2 > r_1$ , intersect at $ A$ and $ B$ such that $ AO_1\perp AO_2$ . The line $ O_1O_2$ meets $ \mathcal C_1$ at $ C$ and $ D$, and $ \mathcal C_2$ at $ E$ and $ F$ (in the order $ C$, $ E$, $ D$, $ F$). The line $ BE$ meets $ \mathcal C_1$ at $ K$ and $ AC$ at $ M$ . The line $ BD$ meets $ \mathcal C_2$ at $ L$ and $ AF$ at $ N$ . Prove that $ \frac { r_2}{r_1} = \frac {KE}{KM} \cdot \frac {LN}{LD}$ .

Proof. This problem is a nice application of the harmonical division. See the lemma from here.

$ 1\blacktriangleright$ The division $ (C,E,D,F)$ is harmonically\ ;

$2\blacktriangleright$ The angles $ \widehat {KAC}$ , $ \widehat {CAE}$ , $ \widehat{EAD}$ , $ \widehat {DAF}$ , $ \widehat {FAL}$ hava same measure, $ 45^{\circ}$ .

$ 3\blacktriangleright$ $ A\in KF\cap LC\ ;$

$4\blacktriangleright$ $ MN\parallel CF\ ;$

$5\blacktriangleright$ $ \frac {MK}{ME} = \frac {NL}{ND} = \frac {r_1}{r_2}$ (see Camaronsou's) $\mathrm {\ \ OR\ \ }$ $MN\parallel CF$ $ \implies$ $ \left\{\begin{array}{cc} \triangle KEF\ : & \frac {KE}{KM} = \frac {EF}{MN} \\
 \\
\triangle LDC\ : & \frac {LN}{LD} = \frac {MN}{CD}\end{array}\right\|$ $ \implies$ $ \frac {KE}{KM}\cdot\frac {LN}{LD} = \frac {EF}{CD} = \frac {r_2}{r_1}$ .
[/size]
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by Virgil Nicula, Apr 22, 2014, 12:22 AM
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andrejilievski
129 posts
#6 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
First it is easy to see that triangles $ ABC, AFB $ are isosceles, if $ X $ is the intersection of $ AB $ and $ CF, AX=XB $ and $ \angle AXC=90 $, and also $ MN||CF $

Now, from the power of point theorem we have:
$ LN=\frac{AN \cdot NF}{BN}, LD=\frac{DE \cdot DF}{DB}, KM=\frac{MA \cdot MC}{MB}, KE=\frac{CE \cdot ED}{EB} $ so
$ \frac{LN}{LD} \frac{KE}{KM} =
\frac{CE}{EB} \frac{MB}{MC} \frac{BD}{DF} \frac{NF}{BN} \frac{AN}{AM} = \frac{sin CBE}{sin BCE} \frac{sin BCM}{sin CBM} \frac{sin BFD}{sin FBD} \frac{sin FBN}{sin BFN} \frac{AN}{AM} $
and now since
$ sin BCM=2\frac{AX}{AC}\frac{CX}{AC}, sin BCE =\frac{BX}{BC}, sin BFD=\frac{BX}{BF}, sin BFN=2\frac{AX}{AF}\frac{FX}{AF} $ and $ \frac{AN}{AM}=\frac{AF}{AC} $
we have
$ \frac{LN}{LD}\frac{KE}{KM}=\frac{AF^2}{AC^2}\frac{CX}{FX} $ and we want to prove that
$ \frac{AF^2}{AC^2}\frac{CX}{FX}\frac{r_1}{r_2}=1 $ which is equivalent with
$ \frac{AF}{FX}\frac{AF}{O_2F}{\frac{CX}{AC}\frac{CO_1}{AC}=1 }$, note that
$ \frac{AF}{FX}\frac{AF}{O_2F}{\frac{CX}{AC}\frac{CO_1}{AC}=\frac{1}{cos DFA}\cdot 2cos DFA \cdot cos ECA \cdot \frac{1}{2cos ECA} =1 }$
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reveryu
218 posts
#7 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
@above
sorry, how did you get MN//CF .
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