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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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Looking for summer camps in math and language arts? Be sure to check out the video-based summer camps offered at the Virtual Campus that are 2- to 4-weeks in duration. There are middle and high school competition math camps as well as Math Beasts camps that review key topics coupled with fun explorations covering areas such as graph theory (Math Beasts Camp 6), cryptography (Math Beasts Camp 7-8), and topology (Math Beasts Camp 8-9)!

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April 9th (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Learn about Video-based Summer Camps at the Virtual Campus
[*]April 10th (Math Jam), 4:30pm PT/7:30pm ET, 2025 MathILy and MathILy-Er Math Jam: Multibackwards Numbers
[*]April 22nd (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Competitive Programming at AoPS (USACO).[/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Showing that is not a square
Kyj9981   2
N a minute ago by internationalnick123456
Find all $n$ such that $(2^{n}-1)(5^{n}-1)$ is a perfect square.
2 replies
Kyj9981
Yesterday at 10:27 AM
internationalnick123456
a minute ago
2024 IMO P1
EthanWYX2009   102
N 6 minutes ago by iyappana
Source: 2024 IMO P1
Determine all real numbers $\alpha$ such that, for every positive integer $n,$ the integer
$$\lfloor\alpha\rfloor +\lfloor 2\alpha\rfloor +\cdots +\lfloor n\alpha\rfloor$$is a multiple of $n.$ (Note that $\lfloor z\rfloor$ denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to $z.$ For example, $\lfloor -\pi\rfloor =-4$ and $\lfloor 2\rfloor= \lfloor 2.9\rfloor =2.$)

Proposed by Santiago Rodríguez, Colombia
102 replies
EthanWYX2009
Jul 16, 2024
iyappana
6 minutes ago
Amazing Infinite Sum
P162008   0
11 minutes ago
$\Omega = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\sqrt{n} + \sqrt{n+1} + \sqrt{n+2} + \sqrt{n+3}}{(\sqrt{n} + \sqrt{n+1})(\sqrt{n} + \sqrt{n+2})(\sqrt{n} + \sqrt{n+3})(\sqrt{n+1} + \sqrt{n+2})(\sqrt{n+1} + \sqrt{n+3})(\sqrt{n+2} +\sqrt{n+3})}.$ If the value of $\Omega$ can be written as $\frac{m\sqrt{m} - \sqrt{n} - 1}{mn}$ where m and n are co-prime positive integers then find the value of $100m + n.$
0 replies
P162008
11 minutes ago
0 replies
Series + Limits
P162008   0
29 minutes ago
Find $\Omega = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n^2} \left(\sum_{i + j + k + l = n} ijkl\right) \left(\sum_{i + j + k = n} ijk\right)^{-1}.$
0 replies
1 viewing
P162008
29 minutes ago
0 replies
Polynomials
P162008   0
35 minutes ago
Consider the identity $\sum_{r=1}^{n} r = \frac{n(n + 1)}{2}.$ If we set $P_{1}(x) = \frac{x(x + 1)}{2}$ then it's the unique polynomial such that for all integers $n,$ $P_{1}(n) = \sum_{r=1}^{n} r.$ In general, for each positive integer k,there is a unique polynomial $P_{k}(x)$ such that $P_{k}(n) = \sum_{r=1}^{k} r^k \forall  n \in  \mathbb{Z}.$ Find the value of $P_{2010}(m)$ for $m = \frac{-1}{2}.$
0 replies
P162008
35 minutes ago
0 replies
Polynomials
P162008   0
an hour ago
Define a family of polynomials by $P_{0}(x) = x - 2$ and $P_{k}(x) = \left(P_{k - 1} (x)\right)^2 - 2$ if $k \geq 1$ then find the coefficient of $x^2$ in $P_{k}(x)$ in terms of $k.$
0 replies
P162008
an hour ago
0 replies
Collect ...
luutrongphuc   3
N an hour ago by KevinYang2.71
Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R^+} \rightarrow \mathbb{R^+}$ such that:
$$f\left(f(xy)+1\right)=xf\left(x+f(y)\right)$$
3 replies
luutrongphuc
Apr 21, 2025
KevinYang2.71
an hour ago
functional equation interesting
skellyrah   5
N 2 hours ago by jasperE3
find all functions IR->IR such that $$xf(x+yf(xy)) + f(f(y)) = f(xf(y))^2  + (x+1)f(x)$$
5 replies
skellyrah
Yesterday at 8:32 PM
jasperE3
2 hours ago
For a there exist b,c with b+c-2a = 0 mod p
Miquel-point   0
3 hours ago
Source: Kürschák József Competition 2024/3
Let $p$ be a prime and $H\subseteq \{0,1,\ldots,p-1\}$ a nonempty set. Suppose that for each element $a\in H$ there exist elements $b$, $c\in H\setminus \{a\}$ such that $b+ c-2a$ is divisible by $p$. Prove that $p<4^k$, where $k$ denotes the cardinality of $H$.
0 replies
1 viewing
Miquel-point
3 hours ago
0 replies
The ancient One-Dimensional Empire
Miquel-point   0
3 hours ago
Source: Kürschák József Competition 2024/2
The ancient One-Dimensional Empire was located along a straight line. Initially, there were no cities. A total of $n$ different point-like cities were founded one by one; from the second onwards, each newly founded city and the nearest existing city (the older one, if there were two) were declared sister cities. The surviving map of the empire shows the cities and the distances between them, but not the order in which they were founded. Historians have tried to deduce from the map that each city had at most 41 sister cities.
[list=a]
[*] For $n=10^6$, give a map from which this deduction can be made.
[*] Prove that for $n=10^{13}$, this conclusion cannot be drawn from any map.
[/list]
0 replies
Miquel-point
3 hours ago
0 replies
Cyclic quads jigsaw
Miquel-point   0
3 hours ago
Source: Kürschák József Competition 2024/1
The quadrilateral $ABCD$ is divided into cyclic quadrilaterals with pairwise disjoint interiors. None of the vertices of the cyclic quadrilaterals in the decomposition is an interior point of a side of any cyclic quadrilateral in the decomposition or of a side of the quadrilateral $ABCD$. Prove that $ABCD$ is also a cyclic quadrilateral.
0 replies
Miquel-point
3 hours ago
0 replies
A cyclic inequality
KhuongTrang   3
N 3 hours ago by paixiao
Source: own-CRUX
IMAGE
https://cms.math.ca/.../uploads/2025/04/Wholeissue_51_4.pdf
3 replies
KhuongTrang
Apr 21, 2025
paixiao
3 hours ago
Perfect polynomials
Phorphyrion   5
N 4 hours ago by Davdav1232
Source: 2023 Israel TST Test 5 P3
Given a polynomial $P$ and a positive integer $k$, we denote the $k$-fold composition of $P$ by $P^{\circ k}$. A polynomial $P$ with real coefficients is called perfect if for each integer $n$ there is a positive integer $k$ so that $P^{\circ k}(n)$ is an integer. Is it true that for each perfect polynomial $P$, there exists a positive $m$ so that for each integer $n$ there is $0<k\leq m$ for which $P^{\circ k}(n)$ is an integer?
5 replies
Phorphyrion
Mar 23, 2023
Davdav1232
4 hours ago
Finding all integers with a divisibility condition
Tintarn   14
N 5 hours ago by Assassino9931
Source: Germany 2020, Problem 4
Determine all positive integers $n$ for which there exists a positive integer $d$ with the property that $n$ is divisible by $d$ and $n^2+d^2$ is divisible by $d^2n+1$.
14 replies
Tintarn
Jun 22, 2020
Assassino9931
5 hours ago
Hard geometry
jannatiar   3
N Mar 30, 2025 by alinazarboland
Source: 2024 AlborzMO P4
In triangle \( ABC \), let \( I \) be the \( A \)-excenter. Points \( X \) and \( Y \) are placed on line \( BC \) such that \( B \) is between \( X \) and \( C \), and \( C \) is between \( Y \) and \( B \). Moreover, \( B \) and \( C \) are the contact points of \( BC \) with the \( A \)-excircle of triangles \( BAY \) and \( AXC \), respectively. Let \( J \) be the \( A \)-excenter of triangle \( AXY \), and let \( H' \) be the reflection of the orthocenter of triangle \( ABC \) with respect to its circumcenter. Prove that \( I \), \( J \), and \( H' \) are collinear.

Proposed by Ali Nazarboland
3 replies
jannatiar
Mar 4, 2025
alinazarboland
Mar 30, 2025
Hard geometry
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G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: 2024 AlborzMO P4
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jannatiar
21 posts
#1 • 1 Y
Y by sami1618
In triangle \( ABC \), let \( I \) be the \( A \)-excenter. Points \( X \) and \( Y \) are placed on line \( BC \) such that \( B \) is between \( X \) and \( C \), and \( C \) is between \( Y \) and \( B \). Moreover, \( B \) and \( C \) are the contact points of \( BC \) with the \( A \)-excircle of triangles \( BAY \) and \( AXC \), respectively. Let \( J \) be the \( A \)-excenter of triangle \( AXY \), and let \( H' \) be the reflection of the orthocenter of triangle \( ABC \) with respect to its circumcenter. Prove that \( I \), \( J \), and \( H' \) are collinear.

Proposed by Ali Nazarboland
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by jannatiar, Mar 4, 2025, 7:58 AM
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alinazarboland
168 posts
#2 • 1 Y
Y by sami1618
Bump
It would be really nice if someone can present a synthetic solution
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sami1618
896 posts
#3 • 2 Y
Y by jannatiar, pnf
Very interesting problem. Not sure if the following solution is considered synthetic, but it was the best I could come up with :)
Let $\mathcal{E}_b$ be the ellipse passing through $B$ with foci $A$ and $C$ and let $\mathcal{E}_c$ be the ellipse passing through $C$ with foci $A$ and $B$.
Part I: $\mathcal{E}_b$ and $\mathcal{E}_c$ intersect at exactly two points $P$ and $Q$ proof
Part II: $H'$ lies on $PQ$ proof
Part III: $I$ lies on $PQ$ proof
Part IV: $J$ lies on $PQ$ proof
Attachments:
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by sami1618, Mar 30, 2025, 2:53 AM
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alinazarboland
168 posts
#4 • 1 Y
Y by sami1618
@above Wonderful solution. Althought, it's not synthetic at all...
I added the ellipses too, and I proved the fact that $I \in PQ$ using the Bogdanov's theorem as well. The fact that $H' \in PQ$ was just a fact I heard somewhere and it also appeared in Sharygin 2023 first round. I didn't prove it myself but there exist a lot of different methods to prove that like coordinate bash or even taking the configuration into the 3D space. The fact that $J \in PQ$ could be easily proven by 2 point-DIT (having $I \in P$) but your method was new for me and I enjoyed it.
But still, I believe your approach, isn't a synthetic one :)
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by alinazarboland, Mar 30, 2025, 9:03 AM
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