Stay ahead of learning milestones! Enroll in a class over the summer!

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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

WOOT early bird pricing is in effect, don’t miss out! If you took MathWOOT Level 2 last year, no worries, it is all new problems this year! Our Worldwide Online Olympiad Training program is for high school level competitors. AoPS designed these courses to help our top students get the deep focus they need to succeed in their specific competition goals. Check out the details at this link for all our WOOT programs in math, computer science, chemistry, and physics.

Looking for summer camps in math and language arts? Be sure to check out the video-based summer camps offered at the Virtual Campus that are 2- to 4-weeks in duration. There are middle and high school competition math camps as well as Math Beasts camps that review key topics coupled with fun explorations covering areas such as graph theory (Math Beasts Camp 6), cryptography (Math Beasts Camp 7-8), and topology (Math Beasts Camp 8-9)!

Be sure to mark your calendars for the following events:
[list][*]April 3rd (Webinar), 4pm PT/7:00pm ET, Learning with AoPS: Perspectives from a Parent, Math Camp Instructor, and University Professor
[*]April 8th (Math Jam), 4:30pm PT/7:30pm ET, 2025 MATHCOUNTS State Discussion
April 9th (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Learn about Video-based Summer Camps at the Virtual Campus
[*]April 10th (Math Jam), 4:30pm PT/7:30pm ET, 2025 MathILy and MathILy-Er Math Jam: Multibackwards Numbers
[*]April 22nd (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Competitive Programming at AoPS (USACO).[/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
Problem 2
delegat   146
N a few seconds ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: 0
Let $n\ge 3$ be an integer, and let $a_2,a_3,\ldots ,a_n$ be positive real numbers such that $a_{2}a_{3}\cdots a_{n}=1$. Prove that
\[(1 + a_2)^2 (1 + a_3)^3 \dotsm (1 + a_n)^n > n^n.\]

Proposed by Angelo Di Pasquale, Australia
146 replies
delegat
Jul 10, 2012
Ilikeminecraft
a few seconds ago
Iran Inequality
mathmatecS   16
N a minute ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: Iran 1998
When $x(\ge1),$ $y(\ge1),$ $z(\ge1)$ satisfy $\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}=2,$ prove in equality.
$$\sqrt{x+y+z}\ge\sqrt{x-1}+\sqrt{y-1}+\sqrt{z-1}$$
16 replies
mathmatecS
Jun 11, 2015
Ilikeminecraft
a minute ago
Simple cube root inequality [Taiwan 2014 Quizzes]
v_Enhance   44
N 2 minutes ago by Ilikeminecraft
Prove that for positive reals $a$, $b$, $c$ we have \[ 3(a+b+c) \ge 8\sqrt[3]{abc} + \sqrt[3]{\frac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{3}}. \]
44 replies
v_Enhance
Jul 18, 2014
Ilikeminecraft
2 minutes ago
old and easy imo inequality
Valentin Vornicu   213
N 3 minutes ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: IMO 2000, Problem 2, IMO Shortlist 2000, A1
Let $ a, b, c$ be positive real numbers so that $ abc = 1$. Prove that
\[ \left( a - 1 + \frac 1b \right) \left( b - 1 + \frac 1c \right) \left( c - 1 + \frac 1a \right) \leq 1.
\]
213 replies
Valentin Vornicu
Oct 24, 2005
Ilikeminecraft
3 minutes ago
D1020 : Special functional equation
Dattier   0
Yesterday at 5:44 PM
Source: les dattes à Dattier
1) Are there any $(f,g) \in C(\mathbb R,\mathbb R_+)$ increasing with
$$\forall x \in \mathbb R, f(x)(\cos(x)+3/2)+g(x)(\sin(x)+3/2)=\exp(x)$$?

2) Are there any $(f,g) \in C(\mathbb R,\mathbb R_+)$ increasing with
$$\forall x \in \mathbb R, f(x)(\cos(x)+3/2)+g(x)(\sin(x)+3/2)=\exp(x/2)$$?
0 replies
Dattier
Yesterday at 5:44 PM
0 replies
Putnam 2005 B1
Kent Merryfield   10
N Yesterday at 5:14 PM by AshAuktober
Find a nonzero polynomial $P(x,y)$ such that $P(\lfloor a\rfloor,\lfloor 2a\rfloor)=0$ for all real numbers $a.$

(Note: $\lfloor v\rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than or equal to $v.$)
10 replies
Kent Merryfield
Dec 5, 2005
AshAuktober
Yesterday at 5:14 PM
Do these have a closed form?
Entrepreneur   1
N Yesterday at 3:40 PM by Entrepreneur
Source: Own
$$\int_0^\infty\frac{t^{n-1}}{(t+\alpha)^2+m^2}dt.$$$$\int_0^\infty\frac{e^{nt}}{(t+\alpha)^2+m^2}dt.$$$$\int_0^\infty\frac{dx}{(1+x^a)^m(1+x^b)^n}.$$
1 reply
Entrepreneur
Mar 23, 2025
Entrepreneur
Yesterday at 3:40 PM
A Ball-Drawing problem
Vivacious_Owl   2
N Yesterday at 3:35 PM by Vivacious_Owl
Source: Inspired by a certain daily routine of mine
There are N identical black balls in a bag. I randomly take one ball out of the bag. If it is a black ball, I throw it away and put a white ball back into the bag instead. If it is a white ball, I simply throw it away and do not put anything back into the bag. The probability of getting any ball is the same.
Questions:
1. How many times will I need to reach into the bag to empty it?
2. What is the ratio of the expected maximum number of white balls in the bag to N in the limit as N goes to infinity?
2 replies
Vivacious_Owl
Yesterday at 2:58 AM
Vivacious_Owl
Yesterday at 3:35 PM
Infinite sum
Thanhdoan1   0
Yesterday at 3:26 PM
Calculate the sum
τ(1):1-τ(2):2+τ(3):3-....+(-1)^(n-1)*τ(n):n, with τ(n) is the number of divisors of n.
0 replies
Thanhdoan1
Yesterday at 3:26 PM
0 replies
Learning 3D Geometry
KAME06   2
N Yesterday at 1:52 PM by KAME06
Could you help me with some 3D geometry books? Or any book with 3D geometry information, specially if it's focuses on math olympiads (like Putnam).
2 replies
KAME06
Apr 19, 2025
KAME06
Yesterday at 1:52 PM
Matrices and Determinants
Saucepan_man02   6
N Yesterday at 9:10 AM by kiyoras_2001
Hello

Can anyone kindly share some problems/handouts on matrices & determinants (problems like Putnam 2004 A3, which are simple to state and doesnt involve heavy theory)?

Thank you..
6 replies
Saucepan_man02
Apr 4, 2025
kiyoras_2001
Yesterday at 9:10 AM
Two times derivable real function
Valentin Vornicu   13
N Yesterday at 6:54 AM by solyaris
Source: RMO 2008, 11th Grade, Problem 3
Let $ f: \mathbb R \to \mathbb R$ be a function, two times derivable on $ \mathbb R$ for which there exist $ c\in\mathbb R$ such that
\[ \frac { f(b)-f(a) }{b-a} \neq f'(c) ,\] for all $ a\neq b \in \mathbb R$.

Prove that $ f''(c)=0$.
13 replies
Valentin Vornicu
Apr 30, 2008
solyaris
Yesterday at 6:54 AM
Problem with lcm
snowhite   4
N Yesterday at 6:36 AM by ddot1
Prove that $\underset{n\to \infty }{\mathop{\lim }}\,\sqrt[n]{lcm(1,2,3,...,n)}=e$
Please help me! Thank you!
4 replies
snowhite
Apr 23, 2025
ddot1
Yesterday at 6:36 AM
I.S.I. B.Math.(Hons.) Admission test : 2010 Problem 5
mynamearzo   17
N Yesterday at 4:46 AM by P162008
Let $a_1>a_2>.....>a_r$ be positive real numbers .
Compute $\lim_{n\to \infty} (a_1^n+a_2^n+.....+a_r^n)^{\frac{1}{n}}$
17 replies
mynamearzo
Apr 10, 2012
P162008
Yesterday at 4:46 AM
(a²-b²)(b²-c²) = abc
straight   4
N Apr 2, 2025 by GreekIdiot
Find all triples of positive integers $(a,b,c)$ such that

\[(a^2-b^2)(b^2-c^2) = abc.\]
If you can't solve this, assume $gcd(a,c) = 1$. If this is still too hard assume in $a \ge b \ge c$ that $b-c$ is a prime.
4 replies
straight
Mar 24, 2025
GreekIdiot
Apr 2, 2025
(a²-b²)(b²-c²) = abc
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straight
413 posts
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Find all triples of positive integers $(a,b,c)$ such that

\[(a^2-b^2)(b^2-c^2) = abc.\]
If you can't solve this, assume $gcd(a,c) = 1$. If this is still too hard assume in $a \ge b \ge c$ that $b-c$ is a prime.
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straight
413 posts
#3
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bump :coolspeak:
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lyllyl
4 posts
#4
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\Delta=b^{2}[c^{2}-4(b^{2}-c^{2})^{2}]<0
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straight
413 posts
#5
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explain?
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GreekIdiot
179 posts
#6
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He opened the expression and wrote it as a second degree equation with b and c being parameters. The discriminant is defined by
$\Delta=b^{2}[c^{2}-4(b^{2}-c^{2})^{2}]$ which must be a perfect square since $a,b,c \in \mathbb{Z}$ and also non-negative. If you factorise $\Delta$ you see that $b^2(c-2b^2+2c^2)(c+2b^2-2c^2)$. By cycling through variables we notice that if the equation has solutions, they satisfy the following inequalities:
$i)c-2b^2+2c^2 \geq 0$
$ii)c+2b^2-2c^2 \geq 0$
$iii)b-2a^2+2b^2 \geq 0$
$iv)b+2a^2-2b^2 \geq 0$
$v)a-2b^2+2c^2 \geq 0$
$vi)a+2b^2-2c^2 \geq 0$
With some manipulation you can prove that $a=b=c$
Thus $abc=0$ which is impossible
Indeed, no solutions
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