2018 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 19
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[hide]Problem
A number is randomly selected from the set , and a number is randomly selected from . What is the probability that has a units digit of ?
Solution 1
Since we only care about the units digit, our set can be turned into . Call this set and call set . Let's do casework on the element of that we choose. Since , any number from can be paired with to make have a units digit of . Therefore, the probability of this case happening is since there is a chance that the number is selected from . Let us consider the case where the number is selected from . Let's look at the unit digit when we repeatedly multiply the number by itself: We see that the unit digit of , for some integer , will only be when is a multiple of . Now, let's count how many numbers in are divisible by . This can be done by simply listing: There are numbers in divisible by out of the total numbers. Therefore, the probability that is picked from and a number divisible by is picked from is Similarly, we can look at the repeating units digit for : We see that the unit digit of , for some integer , will only be when is a multiple of . This is exactly the same conditions as our last case with so the probability of this case is also . Since and ends in , the units digit of , for some integer, will always be . Thus, the probability in this case is . The last case we need to consider is when the number is chosen from . This happens with probability We list out the repeating units digit for as we have done for and : We see that the units digit of , for some integer , is only when is an even number. From the numbers in , we see that exactly half of them are even. The probability in this case is Finally, we can add all of our probabilities together to get
~Nivek
~very minor edits by virjoy2001
Solution 2
Since only the units digit is relevant, we can turn the first set into . Note that for all odd digits , except for 5. Looking at the second set, we see that it is a set of all integers between 1999 and 2018. There are 20 members of this set, which means that, , this set has 5 values which correspond to , making the probability equal for all of them. Next, check the values for which it is equal to . There are values for which it is equal to 1, remembering that only if , which it is not. There are 20 values in total, and simplifying gives us .
Solution 3
By Euler's Theorem, we have that , if . Hence , work.
Also note that because , and the latter is clearly . So , work (not counting multiples of 4 as we would be double counting if we did).
We can also note that because , and by the same logic as why , we are done. Hence , and work (not counting any of the aforementioned cases as that would be double counting).
We cannot make any more observations that add more with unit digit , hence the number of that have units digit one is . And the total number of combinations of an element of the set of all and an element of the set of all is . Hence the desired probability is , which is answer choice . ~vsamc
Solution 4 (Easy)
When a number's unit's digit is , then any power to this number will also end in (since for any is always ), so we have choices for .
When a number's unit's digit is , then for any will produce a number ending with 1. So, choices for .
always ends in 5, so there are possibilities for .
When a number's unit's digit is , then this is also the same thing with , so we have choices.
When a number's unit's digit is , then will produce a number ending in , so we have possibilities.
Hence, we have a total of ways, so the probability is .
~MrThinker
Video Solution by TheBeautyofMath
https://youtu.be/M22S82Am2zM?t=630 ~IceMatrix
Video Solution 2
~savannahsolver
See Also
2018 AMC 10A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 18 |
Followed by Problem 20 | |
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