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2017 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 18

Revision as of 21:45, 5 February 2018 by Hamup1 (talk | contribs) (→‎Solution 4: Burnside's Lemma)

Problem

In the figure below, $3$ of the $6$ disks are to be painted blue, $2$ are to be painted red, and $1$ is to be painted green. Two paintings that can be obtained from one another by a rotation or a reflection of the entire figure are considered the same. How many different paintings are possible?

[asy] size(100); pair A, B, C, D, E, F; A = (0,0); B = (1,0); C = (2,0); D = rotate(60, A)*B; E = B + D; F = rotate(60, A)*C; draw(Circle(A, 0.5)); draw(Circle(B, 0.5)); draw(Circle(C, 0.5)); draw(Circle(D, 0.5)); draw(Circle(E, 0.5)); draw(Circle(F, 0.5)); [/asy]

$\textbf{(A)}\ 6\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 8\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 9\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 12\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 15$

Solution

Solution 1

First we figure out the number of ways to put the $3$ blue disks. Denote the spots to put the disks as $1-6$ from left to right, top to bottom. The cases to put the blue disks are $(1,2,3),(1,2,4),(1,2,5),(1,2,6),(2,3,5),(1,4,6)$. For each of those cases we can easily figure out the number of ways for each case, so the total amount is $2+2+3+3+1+1 = \boxed{\textbf{(D) } 12}$.

Solution 2

Denote the $6$ discs as in the first solution. Ignoring reflections or rotations, there are $\binom{6}{3} * \binom{3}{2} = 60$ colorings. Now we need to count the number of fixed points under possible transformations:

1. The identity transformation. Since this doesn't change anything, there are $60$ fixed points

2. Reflect about a line of symmetry. There are $3$ lines of reflections. Take the line of reflection going through the centers of circles $1$ and $5$. Then, the colors of circles $2$ and $3$ must be the same, and the colors of circles $4$ and $6$ must be the same. This gives us $4$ fixed points per line of reflection

3. Rotate by $120^\circ$ counter clockwise or clockwise with respect to the center of the diagram. Take the clockwise case for example. There will be a fixed point in this case if the colors of circles $1$, $4$, and $6$ will be the same. Similarly, the colors of circles $2$, $3$, and $5$ will be the same. This is impossible, so this case gives us $0$ fixed points per rotation.

By Burnside's lemma, the total number of colorings is $(1*60+3*4+2*0)/(1+3+2) = \boxed{\textbf{(D) } 12}$.


Solution 3

Note that the green disk has two possibilities; in a corner or on the side. WLOG, we can arrange these as [asy] filldraw(circle((0,0),1),green); draw(circle((2,0),1)); draw(circle((4,0),1)); draw(circle((1,sqrt(3)),1)); draw(circle((3,sqrt(3)),1)); draw(circle((2,2sqrt(3)),1)); draw(circle((8,0),1)); filldraw(circle((10,0),1),green); draw(circle((12,0),1)); draw(circle((9,sqrt(3)),1)); draw(circle((11,sqrt(3)),1)); draw(circle((10,2sqrt(3)),1)); [/asy] Take the first case. Now, we must pick two of the five remaining circles to fill in the red. There are $\dbinom{5}{2}=10$ of these. However, due to reflection we must divide this by two. But, in two of these cases, the reflection is itself, so we must subtract these out before dividing by 2, and add them back afterwards, giving $\frac{10-2}{2}+2=6$ arrangement in this case.

Now, look at the second case. We again must pick two of the five remaining circles, and like in the first case, two of the reflections give the same arrangement. Thus, there are also $6$ arrangements in this case.

In total, we have $6+6=\boxed{\text{\bf(D) }12}$.

Solution by tdeng

Solution 4: Burnside's Lemma

We note that the group $G$ acting on the possible colorings is $D_3 = \{e, r, r^2, s, sr, sr^2\}$, where $r$ is a $120^\circ$ rotation and $s$ is a reflection. In particular, the possible actions are the identity, the $120\circ$ and $240^\circ$ rotations, and the three reflections.

We will calculate the number of colorings that are fixed under each action. Every coloring is fixed under the identity, so we count $\dfrac{6!}{3!2!1!} = 60$ fixed colorings. Note that no colorings are fixed under the rotations, since then the outer three and inner three circle must be the same color, which is impossible in our situation.

Finally, consider the reflection with a line of symmetry going through the top circle. Every fixed coloring is determined by the color of the top circle (either green or blue), and the color of the middle circles (either blue or red). Hence, there are $2\cdot 2 = 4$ colorings fixed under this reflection action. The other two actions are symmetric, so they also have $4$ fixed colorings. Hence, by Burnside's lemma, the number of unique colorings up to reflections and rotations is \[\dfrac{1}{|D_3|} (1\cdot 60 + 2\cdot 0 + 3\cdot 4) = \dfrac{1}{6}\cdot 72 = \boxed{\textbf{(D) } 12}.\]

See Also

2017 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 17 		Followed by
Problem 19
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions

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