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k a My Retirement & New Leadership at AoPS
rrusczyk   1571
N Mar 26, 2025 by SmartGroot
I write today to announce my retirement as CEO from Art of Problem Solving. When I founded AoPS 22 years ago, I never imagined that we would reach so many students and families, or that we would find so many channels through which we discover, inspire, and train the great problem solvers of the next generation. I am very proud of all we have accomplished and I’m thankful for the many supporters who provided inspiration and encouragement along the way. I'm particularly grateful to all of the wonderful members of the AoPS Community!

I’m delighted to introduce our new leaders - Ben Kornell and Andrew Sutherland. Ben has extensive experience in education and edtech prior to joining AoPS as my successor as CEO, including starting like I did as a classroom teacher. He has a deep understanding of the value of our work because he’s an AoPS parent! Meanwhile, Andrew and I have common roots as founders of education companies; he launched Quizlet at age 15! His journey from founder to MIT to technology and product leader as our Chief Product Officer traces a pathway many of our students will follow in the years to come.

Thank you again for your support for Art of Problem Solving and we look forward to working with millions more wonderful problem solvers in the years to come.

And special thanks to all of the amazing AoPS team members who have helped build AoPS. We’ve come a long way from here:IMAGE
1571 replies
rrusczyk
Mar 24, 2025
SmartGroot
Mar 26, 2025
k a March Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Mar 2, 2025
March is the month for State MATHCOUNTS competitions! Kudos to everyone who participated in their local chapter competitions and best of luck to all going to State! Join us on March 11th for a Math Jam devoted to our favorite Chapter competition problems! Are you interested in training for MATHCOUNTS? Be sure to check out our AMC 8/MATHCOUNTS Basics and Advanced courses.

Are you ready to level up with Olympiad training? Registration is open with early bird pricing available for our WOOT programs: MathWOOT (Levels 1 and 2), CodeWOOT, PhysicsWOOT, and ChemWOOT. What is WOOT? WOOT stands for Worldwide Online Olympiad Training and is a 7-month high school math Olympiad preparation and testing program that brings together many of the best students from around the world to learn Olympiad problem solving skills. Classes begin in September!

Do you have plans this summer? There are so many options to fit your schedule and goals whether attending a summer camp or taking online classes, it can be a great break from the routine of the school year. Check out our summer courses at AoPS Online, or if you want a math or language arts class that doesn’t have homework, but is an enriching summer experience, our AoPS Virtual Campus summer camps may be just the ticket! We are expanding our locations for our AoPS Academies across the country with 15 locations so far and new campuses opening in Saratoga CA, Johns Creek GA, and the Upper West Side NY. Check out this page for summer camp information.

Be sure to mark your calendars for the following events:
[list][*]March 5th (Wednesday), 4:30pm PT/7:30pm ET, HCSSiM Math Jam 2025. Amber Verser, Assistant Director of the Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics, will host an information session about HCSSiM, a summer program for high school students.
[*]March 6th (Thursday), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Free Webinar on Math Competitions from elementary through high school. Join us for an enlightening session that demystifies the world of math competitions and helps you make informed decisions about your contest journey.
[*]March 11th (Tuesday), 4:30pm PT/7:30pm ET, 2025 MATHCOUNTS Chapter Discussion MATH JAM. AoPS instructors will discuss some of their favorite problems from the MATHCOUNTS Chapter Competition. All are welcome!
[*]March 13th (Thursday), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Free Webinar about Summer Camps at the Virtual Campus. Transform your summer into an unforgettable learning adventure! From elementary through high school, we offer dynamic summer camps featuring topics in mathematics, language arts, and competition preparation - all designed to fit your schedule and ignite your passion for learning.[/list]
Our full course list for upcoming classes is below:
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0 replies
jlacosta
Mar 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Counting Numbers
steven_zhang123   0
5 minutes ago
Source: China TST 2001 Quiz 8 P3
Let the decimal representations of numbers $A$ and $B$ be given as: $A = 0.a_1a_2\cdots a_k > 0$, $B = 0.b_1b_2\cdots b_k > 0$ (where $a_k, b_k$ can be 0), and let $S$ be the count of numbers $0.c_1c_2\cdots c_k$ such that $0.c_1c_2\cdots c_k < A$ and $0.c_kc_{k-1}\cdots c_1 < B$ ($c_k, c_1$ can also be 0). (Here, $0.c_1c_2\cdots c_r (c_r \neq 0)$ is considered the same as $0.c_1c_2\cdots c_r0\cdots0$).

Prove: $\left| S - 10^k AB \right| \leq 9k.$
0 replies
steven_zhang123
5 minutes ago
0 replies
Perfect Numbers
steven_zhang123   0
7 minutes ago
Source: China TST 2001 Quiz 8 P2
If the sum of all positive divisors (including itself) of a positive integer $n$ is $2n$, then $n$ is called a perfect number. For example, the sum of the positive divisors of 6 is $1 + 2 + 3 + 6 = 2 \times 6$, hence 6 is a perfect number.
Prove: There does not exist a perfect number of the form $p^a q^b r^c$, where $a, b, c$ are positive integers, and $p, q, r$ are odd primes.
0 replies
steven_zhang123
7 minutes ago
0 replies
Roots of unity
steven_zhang123   0
9 minutes ago
Source: China TST 2001 Quiz 8 P1
Let $k, n$ be positive integers, and let $\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \ldots, \alpha_n$ all be $k$-th roots of unity, satisfying:
\[
\alpha_1^j + \alpha_2^j + \cdots + \alpha_n^j = 0 \quad \text{for any } j (0 < j < k).
\]Prove that among $\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \ldots, \alpha_n$, each $k$-th root of unity appears the same number of times.
0 replies
steven_zhang123
9 minutes ago
0 replies
Graph Theory Test in China TST (space stations again)
steven_zhang123   0
11 minutes ago
Source: China TST 2001 Quiz 7 P3
MO Space City plans to construct $n$ space stations, with a unidirectional pipeline connecting every pair of stations. A station directly reachable from station P without passing through any other station is called a directly reachable station of P. The number of stations jointly directly reachable by the station pair $\{P, Q\}$ is to be examined. The plan requires that all station pairs have the same number of jointly directly reachable stations.

(1) Calculate the number of unidirectional cyclic triangles in the space city constructed according to this requirement. (If there are unidirectional pipelines among three space stations A, B, C forming $A \rightarrow B \rightarrow C \rightarrow A$, then triangle ABC is called a unidirectional cyclic triangle.)

(2) Can a space city with $n$ stations meeting the above planning requirements be constructed for infinitely many integers $n \geq 3$?
0 replies
steven_zhang123
11 minutes ago
0 replies
How many cases did you check?
avisioner   16
N 20 minutes ago by eezad3
Source: 2023 ISL N2
Determine all ordered pairs $(a,p)$ of positive integers, with $p$ prime, such that $p^a+a^4$ is a perfect square.

Proposed by Tahjib Hossain Khan, Bangladesh
16 replies
avisioner
Jul 17, 2024
eezad3
20 minutes ago
A and B play a game
EthanWYX2009   2
N 20 minutes ago by steven_zhang123
Source: 2025 TST 23
Let \( n \geq 2 \) be an integer. Two players, Alice and Bob, play the following game on the complete graph \( K_n \): They take turns to perform operations, where each operation consists of coloring one or two edges that have not been colored yet. The game terminates if at any point there exists a triangle whose three edges are all colored.

Prove that there exists a positive number \(\varepsilon\), Alice has a strategy such that, no matter how Bob colors the edges, the game terminates with the number of colored edges not exceeding
\[
\left( \frac{1}{4} - \varepsilon \right) n^2 + n.
\]
2 replies
EthanWYX2009
Yesterday at 2:49 PM
steven_zhang123
20 minutes ago
Graph again
steven_zhang123   0
24 minutes ago
Source: China TST 2001 Quiz 7 P2
Let \(L_3 = \{3\}\), \(L_n = \{3, 4, \ldots, h\}\) (where \(h > 3\)). For any given integer \(n \geq 3\), consider a graph \(G\) with \(n\) vertices that contains a Hamiltonian cycle \(C\) and has more than \(\frac{n^2}{4}\) edges. For which lengths \(l \in L_n\) must the graph \(G\) necessarily contain a cycle of length \(l\)?
0 replies
steven_zhang123
24 minutes ago
0 replies
Why are there so many Graphs in China TST 2001?
steven_zhang123   0
32 minutes ago
Source: China TST 2001 Quiz 7 P1
Let $k$ be a given integer, $3 < k \leq n$. Consider a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices satisfying the condition: for any two non-adjacent vertices $x$ and $y$ in graph $G$, the sum of their degrees must satisfy $d(x) + d(y) \geq k$. Please answer the following questions and prove your conclusions.

(1) Suppose the length of the longest path in graph $G$ is $l$ satisfying the inequality $3 \leq l < k$, does graph $G$ necessarily contain a cycle of length $l+1$? (The length of a path or cycle refers to the number of edges that make up the path or cycle.)

(2) For the case where $3 < k \leq n-1$ and graph $G$ is connected, can we determine that the length of the longest path in graph $G$, $l \geq k$?

(3) For the case where $3 < k = n-1$, is it necessary for graph $G$ to have a path of length $n-1$ (i.e., a Hamiltonian path)?
0 replies
steven_zhang123
32 minutes ago
0 replies
2025 TST 22
EthanWYX2009   2
N 34 minutes ago by DottedCaculator
Source: 2025 TST 22
Let \( A \) be a set of 2025 positive real numbers. For a subset \( T \subseteq A \), define \( M_T \) as the median of \( T \) when all elements of \( T \) are arranged in increasing order, with the convention that \( M_\emptyset = 0 \). Define
\[
P(A) = \sum_{\substack{T \subseteq A \\ |T| \text{ odd}}} M_T, \quad Q(A) = \sum_{\substack{T \subseteq A \\ |T| \text{ even}}} M_T.
\]Find the smallest real number \( C \) such that for any set \( A \) of 2025 positive real numbers, the following inequality holds:
\[
P(A) - Q(A) \leq C \cdot \max(A),
\]where \(\max(A)\) denotes the largest element in \( A \).
2 replies
EthanWYX2009
Yesterday at 2:50 PM
DottedCaculator
34 minutes ago
The Quest for Remainder
steven_zhang123   0
35 minutes ago
Source: China TST 2001 Quiz 6 P3
Given sets $A = \{1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17\}$, $B = \{2, 3, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18\}$, if a positive integer leaves a remainder (the smallest non-negative remainder) that belongs to $A$ when divided by 19, then that positive integer is called an $\alpha$ number. If a positive integer leaves a remainder that belongs to $B$ when divided by 19, then that positive integer is called a $\beta$ number.
(1) For what positive integer $n$, among all its positive divisors, are the numbers of $\alpha$ divisors and $\beta$ divisors equal?
(2) For which positive integers $k$, are the numbers of $\alpha$ divisors less than the numbers of $\beta$ divisors? For which positive integers $l$, are the numbers of $\alpha$ divisors greater than the numbers of $\beta$ divisors?
0 replies
steven_zhang123
35 minutes ago
0 replies
Very chaotic
steven_zhang123   0
40 minutes ago
Source: Chinese TST 2001 Quiz 6 P2
Let \( \varphi \) be the Euler's totient function.

1. For any given integer \( a > 1 \), does there exist \( l \in \mathbb{N}_+ \) such that for any \( k \in \mathbb{N}_+ \), \( l \mid k \) and \( a^2 \nmid l \), \( \frac{\varphi(k)}{\varphi(l)} \) is a non-negative power of \( a \)?
2. For integer \( x > a \), are there integers \( k_1 \) and \( k_2 \) satisfying:
\[
   \varphi(k_i) \in \left ( \frac{x}{a} ,x \right ], i = 1,2; \quad \varphi(k_1) \neq \varphi(k_2).
   \]And these two different \( k_i \) correspond to the same \( l_1 \) and \( l_2 \) as described in (1), yet \( \varphi(l_1) = \varphi(l_2) \).
3. Define \( \#E \) as the number of elements in set \( E \). For integer \( x > a \), let \( V(x) = \#\{v \in \mathbb{N}_+ \mid v = \varphi(k) \leq x\} \) and \( W(x) = \#\{w \in \mathbb{N}_+ \mid w = \varphi(l) \leq x, a^2 \mid l\} \). Compare \( V\left( \frac{x}{a} \right) \) with \( W(x) \).
0 replies
steven_zhang123
40 minutes ago
0 replies
Monkeys have bananas
nAalniaOMliO   3
N 41 minutes ago by jkim0656
Source: Belarusian National Olympiad 2025
Ten monkeys have 60 bananas. Each monkey has at least one banana and any two monkeys have different amounts of bananas.
Prove that any six monkeys can distribute their bananas between others such that all 4 remaining monkeys have the same amount of bananas.
3 replies
nAalniaOMliO
Friday at 8:20 PM
jkim0656
41 minutes ago
FE f(x)f(y)+1=f(x+y)+f(xy)+xy(x+y-2)
steven_zhang123   0
an hour ago
Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that for all $x,y \in \mathbb{R}$, we have $f(x)f(y)+1=f(x+y)+f(xy)+xy(x+y-2)$.
0 replies
steven_zhang123
an hour ago
0 replies
Problem 4
teps   74
N an hour ago by bjump
Find all functions $f:\mathbb Z\rightarrow \mathbb Z$ such that, for all integers $a,b,c$ that satisfy $a+b+c=0$, the following equality holds:
\[f(a)^2+f(b)^2+f(c)^2=2f(a)f(b)+2f(b)f(c)+2f(c)f(a).\]
(Here $\mathbb{Z}$ denotes the set of integers.)

Proposed by Liam Baker, South Africa
74 replies
teps
Jul 11, 2012
bjump
an hour ago
Foot from vertex to Euler line
cjquines0   30
N Jun 24, 2024 by dolphinday
Source: 2016 IMO Shortlist G5
Let $D$ be the foot of perpendicular from $A$ to the Euler line (the line passing through the circumcentre and the orthocentre) of an acute scalene triangle $ABC$. A circle $\omega$ with centre $S$ passes through $A$ and $D$, and it intersects sides $AB$ and $AC$ at $X$ and $Y$ respectively. Let $P$ be the foot of altitude from $A$ to $BC$, and let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. Prove that the circumcentre of triangle $XSY$ is equidistant from $P$ and $M$.
30 replies
cjquines0
Jul 19, 2017
dolphinday
Jun 24, 2024
Foot from vertex to Euler line
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: 2016 IMO Shortlist G5
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cjquines0
510 posts
#1 • 3 Y
Y by Mathuzb, Adventure10, Mango247
Let $D$ be the foot of perpendicular from $A$ to the Euler line (the line passing through the circumcentre and the orthocentre) of an acute scalene triangle $ABC$. A circle $\omega$ with centre $S$ passes through $A$ and $D$, and it intersects sides $AB$ and $AC$ at $X$ and $Y$ respectively. Let $P$ be the foot of altitude from $A$ to $BC$, and let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. Prove that the circumcentre of triangle $XSY$ is equidistant from $P$ and $M$.
Z K Y
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v_Enhance
6870 posts
#2 • 7 Y
Y by samuel, expiLnCalc, rkm0959, v4913, hakN, Adventure10, Mango247
Let $Z$ be the antipode of $A$ on $\omega$ on the Euler line (hence delete point $D$). We now apply complex numbers; with $k \in {\mathbb R}$ we have the relations \begin{align*} 	z &= k(a+b+c) \\ 	s &= \frac{1}{2}(a+z) \\ 	x &= \frac{1}{2}(a+b+z-ab\overline z) \\ 	y &= \frac{1}{2} (a+c+z-ac \overline z). \end{align*}We now determine the coordinates of the circumcenter $W$ of $\triangle XSY$. We know that in general if $u$ and $v$ lie on a circle centered at $0$, then the circumcenter is given by $\frac{uv}{u+v}$ (the midpoint of $0$ and $\frac{2uv}{u+v}$). So if we shift accordingly we get \[ w = s + \frac{(x-s)(y-s)}{x+y-2s}. \]Then \begin{align*} 	w - \frac{a+b+c}{2} 	&= \frac{z-b-c}{2} + \frac{(b-ab \overline z)(c-ac \overline z)} 	{b+c-ab \overline z - ac \overline z} \\ 	&= \frac{z-b-c}{2} + \frac{bc(1-a\overline z)}{2(b+c)} \\ 	&= \frac{(b+c)(z-b-c)+bc(1-a\overline z)}{2(b+c)} \\ 	&= \frac{(b+c)(k(a+b+c)-b-c)+bc-k(ab+bc+ca)}{2(b+c)} \\ 	&= \frac{k\left( b^2+c^2+bc \right) - (b^2+bc+c^2)}{2(b+c)} \\ 	&= (k-1) \cdot \frac{b^2+bc+c^2}{b+c} \end{align*}Thus \[ \frac{w - \frac{a+b+c}{2}}{b-c} 	= (k-1) \cdot \frac{b^2+bc+c^2}{b^2-c^2} \]is pure imaginary. So the line through $W$ and the nine-point center is perpendicular to $BC$ as desired.

Remark: The only synthetic part is replacing the point $D$ with the antipode $Z$. After this the entire calculation is routine. There is a nice trick about a circumcenter here, but it is not strictly necessary; with enough pain the circumcenter formula will work equally well.
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anantmudgal09
1979 posts
#3 • 16 Y
Y by Yamcha, Ankoganit, W.R.O.N.G, rkm0959, Wizard_32, e_plus_pi, BOBTHEGR8, Siddharth03, gabrupro, myh2910, CyclicISLscelesTrapezoid, Mop2018, Adventure10, Mango247, bhan2025, Math_legendno12
Note that the result is immediate when $S$ is the midpoint of $AH$ and when $S$ is the midpoint of $AO$. Move $S$ uniformly over the $A$-midline of $\triangle AOH$. By spiral similarity at $D$ we see that $X, Y$ move uniformly on lines $AB$ and $AC$. As $\triangle XLY$ has a fixed shape ($L$ is the circumcenter of $XSY$), we see that $L$ moves uniformly over a fixed line. Hence, this line is the perpendicular bisector of $PM$, as desired. $\blacksquare$
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WizardMath
2487 posts
#4 • 3 Y
Y by gabrupro, Adventure10, Mango247
My solution (basically the idea is the same as above with more detail, but posting it anyways) :

Note that $S$ is on the midline of $\triangle AHO$. If $T$ is the circumcenter of $XYS$, we know that $\angle XTY = 360^\circ -4A $ or $4A$. Also by a simple angle chase, we know that the configuration $XYTDS$ has a fixed shape. So as $S$ varies on a line, $T$ also varies on a line. For the point $S$ being the midpoints of $AH, AO$, we know that that line is perpendicular to the line $BC$ and passes through the nine point center. So by using the "functional relation" we just derived, the locus of $T$ is the perpendicular bisector of $PM$, as required.

EDIT: The complex bash in post #2 can be a bit reduced if we directly notice the fact that $XYT$ has a fixed shape. Then by similarity using determinants, we have that if the displacement vector $TN$ is $x$ ($N$ is the nine point center of $ABC$), then $\frac{x}{\overline{x}}=bc$, so it is perpendicular to $BC$.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by WizardMath, Jul 20, 2017, 5:03 PM
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uraharakisuke_hsgs
365 posts
#5 • 2 Y
Y by AlastorMoody, Adventure10
Let $\omega$ passes through $A,D$ cuts the Euler line at $X$ , then $AX$ is the diameter
$P,N$ be the projections of $B,C$ on $CA,AB$ ; $U,V$ are the midpoints of $CA,AB$
We have $(APN) , (AUV) , (AXY)$ are concurrent $D$ . Let $O_3,O_1,S$ be the centers of these circles, then $\overline{O_1,S,O_3}$ because it's parrallel with $OH$
Let $I_1,I_2,I_3$ be the centers of $(VO_1U),(XSY),(PO_3N)$ , then we have $\triangle VO_1U \cap I_1 \sim \triangle XSY \cap I_2 \sim \triangle NO_3P \cap O_3$ so the rotation - homothetic centre $K$ transform ${O_1,S,O_3}$ to $\overline{I_1,I_2,I_3}$
That means $I_1,I_2,I_3$ are collinear. But $(I_1) \equiv (UO_1V)$ then $I_1 \in $ perpendicular bisector of $UV$
$I_3$ is the NPC so $I_3 \in$ perpendicular bisector of $ UV $ , it followed that the circumcenter of $\triangle XSY$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of $UV$ so it is equidistant from $P$ and $M$
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Supravat
5 posts
#6 • 4 Y
Y by Bx01, AlastorMoody, Rizsgtp, Adventure10
I think the solutions those show that locus of the circumcenter is a straight line are incomplete. If A = 60. Then in both special cases we get the same point. So we can not conclude that this line is the perpendicular bisector of PM.
In fact, in this case the circumcenter of XSY is always the nine point centre Nof ABC. As AH =AO so and HN =NO so AN bisects HAO hence XAY. And D=N. So NX=NY = 2*sinXAN *radius of w = 2*sin30 *SN =SN. So N is the circumcentre of XSY.
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Kayak
1298 posts
#7 • 3 Y
Y by BOBTHEGR8, Adventure10, Mango247
The problem is even more easier to bash if you set the triangle coordinates to be $a,b,\overline{b}$ (all in the unit circle), and apply the formula for circumcenter of $0,x,y$ is $\frac{xy(\overline{y}-\overline{x})}{x\overline{y}-y\overline{x}}$. As obviously $SX = SY$, $x\overline{x} = y \overline{y}$ (after shifting), so a lot of terms cancel and the bash ends very nicely.

BTW I am a bit surprised at the position of this problem in the shortlist, especially because G4 looks lot harder than this.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Kayak, Oct 18, 2017, 5:57 PM
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WizardMath
2487 posts
#8 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Supravat wrote:
I think the solutions those show that locus of the circumcenter is a straight line are incomplete. If A = 60. Then in both special cases we get the same point. So we can not conclude that this line is the perpendicular bisector of PM.
In fact, in this case the circumcenter of XSY is always the nine point centre Nof ABC. As AH =AO so and HN =NO so AN bisects HAO hence XAY. And D=N. So NX=NY = 2*sinXAN *radius of w = 2*sin30 *SN =SN. So N is the circumcentre of XSY.

I think that this case can be handled by continuity as well, as for angles $60^\circ - \epsilon$ and $60^\circ + \epsilon$ the statement is true, hence it is also true for $60^\circ$ from continuity.
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62861
3564 posts
#9 • 3 Y
Y by anantmudgal09, Adventure10, Mango247
Supravat wrote:
I think the solutions those show that locus of the circumcenter is a straight line are incomplete. If A = 60. Then in both special cases we get the same point. So we can not conclude that this line is the perpendicular bisector of PM.
In fact, in this case the circumcenter of XSY is always the nine point centre Nof ABC. As AH =AO so and HN =NO so AN bisects HAO hence XAY. And D=N. So NX=NY = 2*sinXAN *radius of w = 2*sin30 *SN =SN. So N is the circumcentre of XSY.

I believed the $\angle A = 60^{\circ}$ case was problematic as well, but it is not. The circumcenter $O$ of $\triangle XSY$ moves with fixed velocity as $S$ varies with fixed velocity; it follows that if $O$ is ever on the same location twice, then $O$ is always fixed at this point.
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Lamp909
98 posts
#10 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
My solution is the same as that of anantmudgal09
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rmtf1111
698 posts
#11 • 19 Y
Y by Snakes, Kayak, Ankoganit, rkm0959, Wizard_32, Vfire, AlastorMoody, Greenleaf5002, amar_04, Pluto1708, Pluto04, betongblander, myh2910, CyclicISLscelesTrapezoid, PNT, Adventure10, sabkx, starchan, Math_legendno12
Lamp909 wrote:
My solution is the same as that of anantmudgal09

Thank you for informing us.
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a1267ab
223 posts
#12 • 6 Y
Y by mathroyal, Modesti, CyclicISLscelesTrapezoid, TechnoLenzer, Adventure10, geobo
Here's an alternative solution not based on showing that the circumcenter of $XSY$ varies linearly with $S$.

[asy]
size(10cm);
pair A=dir(70); pair B=dir(220); pair C=dir(-40);
pair O=(0, 0);
pair H=A+B+C;
pair D = foot(A, O, H);
pair D1=2*D-A;
pair O1 = B+C;
pair H1=2*foot(A, B, C)-H;
pair E=circumcenter(B, O, C);

draw(unitcircle);
draw(A--B--C--cycle);
draw(A--D1, orange+dashed);
draw(circumcircle(O, H, D1), red);
draw(D1--H1, dotted);
draw(A--H1);
draw(O--O1);
draw(D1--O1, heavygreen);
draw(D--2*H-O, heavygreen);

string[] names = {"$A$", "$B$", "$C$", "$O$", "$H$", "$D$", "$D'$", "$O'$", "$H'$", "$E$"};
pair[] pts = {A, B, C, O, H, D, D1, O1, H1, E};
pair[] labels = {A, B, C, dir(90), dir(45), D, D1, O1, H1, dir(225)};
for(int i=0; i<names.length; ++i){
dot(names[i], pts[i], dir(labels[i]));
}
[/asy]
Let $O$ and $H$ be the circumcenter and orthocenter of $\triangle ABC$. Let $E$ be the circumcenter of $\triangle BOC$, let $AH$ meet $(ABC)$ again at $H'$, let $O'$ be the reflection of $O$ across $BC$, and let $D'$ be the reflection of $A$ across $OH$. We first prove that $D', E, H'$ are collinear. Since $OHH'O'$ is an isosceles trapezoid, it is cyclic. $AOO'H$ is a parallelogram, so $D'OHO'$ is an isosceles trapezoid as well. Hence $D', O, H, H', O'$ all lie on a circle. The inverse of $O'$ about $(ABC)$ is $E$, so after inverting about $(ABC)$ we find that $D', E, H'$ are collinear.

[asy]
size(10cm);
pair A=dir(70); pair B=dir(220); pair C=dir(-40);
pair O=(0, 0);
pair H=A+B+C;
pair Q=1.5*H-0.5*O;
pair X1=2*foot(Q, A, B)-A;
pair Y1=2*foot(Q, A, C)-A;
pair D = foot(A, O, H);
pair D1=2*D-A;
pair P=foot(A, B, C);
pair M=midpoint(B--C);
pair H1=2*foot(A, B, C)-H;
pair E=circumcenter(B, O, C);
pair T=circumcenter(Q, X1, Y1);

draw(unitcircle);
draw(X1--A--Y1);
draw(B--C);
draw(D1--H1, dotted);
draw(A--H1);
draw(O--T, red);
draw(circumcircle(Q, X1, Y1), orange);
draw(circumcircle(A, X1, Y1), blue+dashed);

string[] names = {"$A$", "$B$", "$C$", "$O$", "$D'$", "$H'$", "$E$", "$Q$", "$X_1$", "$Y_1$", "$T$", "$P$", "$M$"};
pair[] pts = {A, B, C, O, D1, H1, E, Q, X1, Y1, T, P, M};
pair[] labels = {A, B, C, dir(90), D1, H1, dir(225), dir(90), X1, Y1, T, P, dir(135)};
for(int i=0; i<names.length; ++i){
dot(names[i], pts[i], dir(labels[i]));
}
[/asy]

Returning to the problem, take a homothety with ratio $2$ at $A$ which sends points $D, X, Y, S$ to $D', X_1, Y_1, Q$. This homothety also takes the perpendicular bisector of $PM$ to the perpendicular bisector of $BC$. Let $T$ be the circumcenter of $\triangle X_1QY_1$. Since $AD'X_1Y_1$ is cyclic, $D'$ is the center of the spiral similarity sending $\overline{X_1Y_1}$ to $\overline{BC}$, and this spiral similarity also sends $Q$ to $O$ and $T$ to $E$. As a result,
\[\measuredangle D'ET = \measuredangle D'BX_1 = \measuredangle D'BA = \measuredangle D'H'A. \]Therefore $ET\parallel AH'$, so $ET\perp BC$. Since $E$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of $BC$, so does $T$, as desired. (Note that when $\angle A=60^{\circ}$, $D'=E$. Then $T=D'=E$ as well and the statement still holds.)
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GeoMetrix
924 posts
#13 • 2 Y
Y by AmirKhusrau, sameer_chahar12
We firstly state some well known lemma that will be used later on.
  • Let $\omega$ be a circle with center $O$ and let $\overline{AB}$. Let $O'$ be the reflection of $O$ in $\overline{AB}$ and let $X$ be the circumcenter of $\triangle{OAB}$. Then $X,O'$ are inverses of each other with respect to $\omega$.

    Proof: Notice that we have that $\overline{OX}=\frac{OA}{2\sin \theta}$ where $\theta=\angle OAB$ by sine rule in $\triangle{OAB}$ and also we have that $\overline{OO'}=2 \cdot OA \sin \theta$ and with this we are done .

  • In a triangle $\triangle{ABC}$ let $H$ be the orthocenter and let $O$ be the circumcenter. Let $X$ be the midpoint of $\overline{AH}$ and let $M$ be the midpoint of $\overline{BC}$. Then $\overline{XM} \parallel \overline{AO}$.

    This can be easily bashed using complex numbers.
[asy]
size(10cm);
pair A=(8.227184338605278,8.917180830035385);
pair B=(5.836037486558229,-5.602600636257744);
pair C=(22.852265578227577,-5.038029693332168);
pair O=(14.151548373898125,0.48476445751051883);
pair H=(8.61239065559483,-2.6929784145755735);
pair D=(13.333865353835646,0.015670324291781175);
pair S=(14.5510849593405,6.629546963587926);
pair X=(7.827568156749471,6.490588073520484);
pair Y=(17.132485773397857,0.41976777226100737);
pair P=(8.705768203458195,-5.507387609724802);
pair M=(14.344151532392903,-5.320315164794956);
pair T=(11.291157898982467,1.632964751029067);
pair N9=(11.381969514746476,-1.1041069785325273);
pair E=(8.419787497100053,3.1121012077299053);
pair Q=(10.408968970806821,0.28080888219357325);
pair G=(8.39272486321513,3.927771862972893);
pair L=(12.480026965073659,3.455177922890749);
draw(A--B--C--A,purple);
draw(A--P,orange);
draw(circumcircle(A,X,Y),red);
draw(circumcircle(A,B,C),orange);
draw(circumcircle(S,G,D),blue+dashed);
draw(circumcircle(T,Q,D),cyan+dashed);
draw(E--M,magenta);
draw(O--H,green);
draw(T--Q--N9--D--T,lightblue);
draw(T--N9,lightblue);
draw(Q--D,magenta);
draw(S--A,green);
draw(S--Y,green);
draw(S--X,green);
draw(X--Y,green);
draw(G--D,lightblue);
draw(S--T,red);
draw(E--D,magenta+dotted);
draw(A--O,orange);
draw(A--D,cyan);
draw(S--G,green);
draw(S--D,green);
dot("$A$",A,NW);
dot("$B$",B,SW);
dot("$C$",C,SE);
dot("$D$",D,SE);
dot("$M$",M,SE);
dot("$H$",H,W);
dot("$P$",P, SE);
dot("$S$",S,NE);
dot("$X$",X,NW);
dot("$Y$",Y,SW);
dot("$G$",G,W);
dot("$E$",E,SW);
dot("$T$",T,N);
dot("$N_9$",N9,SE);
dot("$Q$",Q,SW);
dot("$L$",L,N);
dot("$O$",O,NE);
[/asy]

We begin with a few claims.

Claim 1: Define $G$ as the intersection of $\odot(AXY)$ with $\overline{AH}$ and define $Q$ as the intersection of $\overline{AH}$ with the perpendicular bisector of $\overline{XY}$. Then show that $(SQDEG)$ is cyclic where $E$ is the midpoint of $\overline{AH}$

Proof: For this firstly notice that
\begin{align*}
&\angle PEQ \\
&=\angle OAQ \\
&=\angle BAC-2 \angle XAG \\
&=\angle XSQ-\angle XSG \\
&=\angle GSQ
\end{align*}and hence $(SGEQ)$ is cyclic. Now notice that $$\angle DEH=2 \angle DAH =\angle DSG $$and with this we are done $\qquad \square$

Claim 2: $Q$ is the reflection of $S$ in $\overline{XY}$.

Proof: We present a computational proof. Notice that $$SQ=SG \cdot  \frac{\sin \angle SGQ}{\sin \angle SQG}=SG \cdot \frac{\sin \angle SEQ}{\sin \angle SEG}=SG \cdot \frac{\sin \angle HOA}{\sin \angle AHO}=SG \cdot \frac{AH}{AO}=2\cdot SG \cdot \cos \angle BAC$$and notice that this is exactly twice the distance from $S$ to $\overline{XY}$ and we are done $\qquad \square$

Claim 3: $(TQDN_9)$ is cyclic where $N_9$ is the nine point center.

Proof: Notice by the second lemma we have that $T,Q$ are inverses with respect to $\odot(AXY)$ and hence inverting gives that $T \in \overline{GD}$. Now notice that
\begin{align*}
& \angle SQE \\
&=\angle SGA \\
&=\angle SEA+ \angle GSE \\ 
&=\angle DHE+\angle GDE \\
&=\angle GDH \\
&=\angle TDN_9
\end{align*}and this finishes the proof $\qquad \square$.

Now back to the main problem. Notice that by reims we have that $\overline{TN_9} \parallel \overline{EG}$ and with this we are done $\qquad \blacksquare$
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KrysTalk
215 posts
#15
Y by
v_Enhance wrote:
We know that in general if $u$ and $v$ lie on a circle centered at $0$, then the circumcenter is given by $\frac{uv}{u+v}$ (the midpoint of $0$ and $\frac{2uv}{u+v}$). So if we shift accordingly we get \[ w = s + \frac{(x-s)(y-s)}{x+y-2s}. \]
I don't understand this line. Can you explain more :(
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Euler_88
19 posts
#16
Y by
Same for me. Can somebody also explain why you have the right to say z=k(a+b+c)? :(
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Nonameyet
15 posts
#17
Y by
KrysTalk wrote:
v_Enhance wrote:
We know that in general if $u$ and $v$ lie on a circle centered at $0$, then the circumcenter is given by $\frac{uv}{u+v}$ (the midpoint of $0$ and $\frac{2uv}{u+v}$). So if we shift accordingly we get \[ w = s + \frac{(x-s)(y-s)}{x+y-2s}. \]
I don't understand this line. Can you explain more :(

What don't you understand?
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Euler_88
19 posts
#18
Y by
but why can you let z=k(a+b+c) (is it because z is on the euler line?) and why is uv/u+v the center of a circle passing through 0,u and v ?
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mathaddiction
308 posts
#19 • 1 Y
Y by Pluto04
Let $O$ and $H$ be the circumcenter and orthocenter of $\triangle ABC$. Let $AH$ and $AD$ meet $(ABC)$ again at $J$ and $E$ respectively. Let $I$ and $G$ be the circumcenter of $(XSY)$ and $(BOC)$ respectively.
CLAIM 1. $J,G,E$ are collinear.
Proof.
Firstly notice that
$$\measuredangle HJE=\measuredangle AJE=\measuredangle ACE=\measuredangle DOE=\measuredangle HOE$$Hence $E$ lies on $(HOJ)$. Let $K$ be the reflection of $O$ in $BC$, then since $H$ and $J$ are reflections of each other in $BC$. Hence $K$ also belongs to $(HOJ)$. Let $B_1$ be the reflection of $O$ over $B$. Let $B_2$ be the midpoint of $OB$. Then $\angle OKB_2=\angle OB_1G=90^{\circ}$. Hence
$$OG\times OK=OB_1\times OB_2=OB^2=OE^2$$Since $OJ=OE$, $G$ lies on $JE$ by shooting lemma. $\blacksquare$

Let $G'$ be the reflection of $G$ in $I$. Let $F$ be the second intersection of $(AXY)$ and $(ABC)$.
CLAIM 2. $G'$ lies on $AH$
Proof. Firstly notice that
$$\angle XSY=2\angle XAY=2\angle BAC=\angle BOC$$Together with $SX=SY$ and $BO=OC$, $\triangle XSY\sim\triangle BOC$. Since $A,D,E$ are collinear, while $I$ and $K$ are corresponding elements in the two triangle, therefore by spiral similarity lemma, $F$ is the center of spiral sim. sending $DE$ to $IG$. Now $A$ and $G'$ are the reflections of $E$ in $D$ and $G$ in $I$ respectively. Therefore
$$\triangle FG'A\sim\triangle FGE$$Hence
$$\measuredangle G'AF=\measuredangle GEF=\measuredangle JEF=\measuredangle JAF$$which implies $G'$ lies on $AH$ as desired.

Now $I$ is the midpoint of $G'$ and $G$. While $P$ and $M$ are the projection of $G"$ and $G$ on $BC$ respectively. This implies $I$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of $PM$ as desired.
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Idio-logy
206 posts
#20 • 2 Y
Y by Eliot, Nathanisme
Another finish with complex numbers: set without loss of generality that $\Re(m) = 0$, and by circumcenter formula the center $O$ of $\omega$ is expressed by
\[o = \frac{1}{2} \left(a+e+\frac{bc(1-a\overline{e})}{b+c}\right) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{ab+bc+ca+k(b^2+bc+c^2)}{b+c}\]Notice that $b^2+bc+c^2$ is real, so $\Im(ab+bc+ca+k(b^2+bc+c^2))$ is constant. Since $b+c=2m$ is imaginary, we have $\Re(o)$ is a constant not depending on $k$. This means that the locus of $O$ is the line passing through the nine-point center perpendicular to $BC$.

($E = e = k(a+b+c)$ is the antipode of $A$ in $\omega$, which lies on Euler line)
This post has been edited 3 times. Last edited by Idio-logy, Sep 1, 2020, 2:03 AM
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Abhaysingh2003
222 posts
#21
Y by
Here are some problems related with perpendicularity from vertex to the Euler Line

https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h2237565p17170407 (Lemma)
https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1888731p12879517
https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h2226600p16967110
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by Abhaysingh2003, Aug 31, 2020, 4:15 PM
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EulersTurban
386 posts
#22
Y by
Another finish with complex numbers :D

Throw the configuration onto the complex plane, so that we have that $h$ is a real number in other words we have that $a+b+c \in \mathbb{R}$.
Then we can express $s$ as the following $s=k(a+b+c)+iq$, where $k$ is an arbitrary real number and we shall determine $q$ later on.

First we calculate $d$. Since we know that $h$ is a real number then we have that $d$ is also a real number, since the Euler line is the real number line.
Since we have that $AD \perp OH$, then we must have that:
\[\frac{a-d}{\overline{a-d}}=-\frac{h}{h}=-1\]this implies that $d=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+\frac{1}{a}\right)$.
Denote with $T$ the midpoint of $AD$, since we have that $ST \parallel OH$, we must have that:
$$\frac{s-t}{\overline{s-t}}=\frac{0-h}{\overline{0-h}}$$where $t=\frac{a+d}{2}$, pluging all of this we get that:
$$2iq=\frac{a-\frac{1}{a}}{2}$$this implies that $q=\frac{a-\frac{1}{a}}{4i}$, thus giving us that:
$$s=k(a+b+c)+\frac{a-\frac{1}{a}}{4}$$Now we calculate $x$ and $y$.
We have that $\overline{x}=\frac{a+b-x}{ab}$, and since we have that $\mid s-x\mid=\mid s-a \mid$, we must have that $(s-a)\overline{(s-a)}=(s-x)\overline{(s-x)}$, plugging this in we get the following quadratic:
$$-x^2+(a+b+s-ab\overline{s})x+a^2b\overline{s}-ab-as=0$$let $z=b+s-ab\overline{s}$, then the equation has turned into:
$$-x^2+(a+z)x-az=0$$this implies that:
$$x_{1,2}=\frac{a+z \mp a-z}{2}$$giving us that $x=z=b+s-ab\overline{s}$.
Similarly we have that $y=c+s-ac\overline{s}$.
Denote with $G$ the center of $(SXY)$, then we have that:
\[ g=\frac{\begin{vmatrix}
x & x\overline{x} & 1 \\
s & s\overline{s} & 1 \\
y & y\overline{y} & 1
\end{vmatrix}}
{\begin{vmatrix}
x & \overline{x} & 1 \\
s & \overline{s} & 1 \\
y & \overline{y} & 1
\end{vmatrix}} \]Calculating this(calculation done in 30 min), we get that $\mid g-p\mid = \mid g- m\mid$, where $p=\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c-bc\overline{a}\right)$ and $m=\frac{1}{2}\left(b+c\right)$.

This implies that $GM=GP$, which is what we needed to prove.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by EulersTurban, Dec 13, 2020, 7:38 PM
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V_V
759 posts
#23
Y by
perhaps we could use laplace vectors/matrixes?
I am not that good at advanced math, this is just my guess but i think laplace vectors or matrixes would help.
Sorry if my concepts are unclear, as I said I am not that great at math
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by V_V, Dec 14, 2020, 12:32 AM
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KST2003
173 posts
#24 • 1 Y
Y by hakN
First let's switch the labels of $P$ and $D$. Let $\triangle DEF$ be the orthic triangle of $\triangle ABC$ and let its circumcenter be $N_9$. Let $Q$ be the circumcenter of $\triangle XSY$ and let $R$ be the midpoint of $AH$. Notice that $P$ also lies on the circle with diameter $AH$. Since $\measuredangle PFX=\measuredangle PEY$ and $\measuredangle PXF=\measuredangle PYE$, it follows that $P$ is the center of spiral similarity which maps segment $FX$ to segment $EY$. Thus it also maps segment $FE$ to segment $XY$.
Claim: $\triangle FN_9E\stackrel{+}{\sim}\triangle XQY$.
Proof: Angle chasing gives us
\[\measuredangle QXY=90^\circ-\measuredangle YSX=90^\circ-\measuredangle ERF=\measuredangle N_9FE.\]and similarly we have $\measuredangle QYX=\measuredangle N_9EF$.
Therefore, the spiral similarity mentioned before maps $Q$ to $N_9$. But this means that
\[\measuredangle PN_9Q=\measuredangle PFX=\measuredangle PFA=\measuredangle PHA.\]and so $N_9Q$ is parallel to $AD$. Since $N_9$ is the midpoint of $AD$ and $AD,OM\perp DM$, the line $N_9Q$ is precisely the perpendicular bisector of $DM$ and the result follows.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by KST2003, Mar 4, 2021, 6:47 AM
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Tafi_ak
309 posts
#25
Y by
v_Enhance wrote:
We now determine the coordinates of the circumcenter $W$ of $\triangle XSY$. We know that in general if $u$ and $v$ lie on a circle centered at $0$, then the circumcenter is given by $\frac{uv}{u+v}$ (the midpoint of $0$ and $\frac{2uv}{u+v}$). So if we shift accordingly we get \[ w = s + \frac{(x-s)(y-s)}{x+y-2s}. \]

$\frac{2uv}{u+v}$, this formula is applicable for $u,v$ on the unit circle. But $x,y$ are not on the unit circle. :( How $w$? I didn't understand the shifting part.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Tafi_ak, Dec 8, 2021, 2:21 PM
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Inconsistent
1455 posts
#26
Y by
Let's imagine a world without moving points.

*shivers*

Ok, let's stop doing that.

Notice $XY$ are pedal points of a point on the Euler line. By properties of continuous spiral similarity centered at $D$, it suffices to prove the claim for two points on the Euler line. For $O$, the midpoint of the midpoints, by 1/2 homothety at $A$, is equidistant from $P$ and $M$. For $H$, the $XSY$ is the nine-point circle, which is the midpoint of $OH$ so projecting onto $BC$, it is equidistant from $P$ and $M$. Since the locus is the perpendicular bisector of $PM$, we are done.
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JAnatolGT_00
559 posts
#27
Y by
Denote by $O,H$ circumcenter and orthocenter and let $Q=AS\cap OH\in \omega.$ Move $Q$ on $OH$ with degree $1:$ $XSY$ and it's circumcenter move with the same degree. When $Q=O$ points $X,Y$ are midpoints of $AB,AC,$ so $XYMP$ form isosceles trapezoid. When $Q=H$ circumcenter of $XSY$ is the nine-point center. In both cases this circumcenter lies on perpendicular bisector of $PM,$ so it does for every $Q.$
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TechnoLenzer
55 posts
#29
Y by
Let $OH$ be the Euler line, with $E = AS \cap OH$. Note that $S$ is the midpoint of $AE$, and let $R$ be the midpoint of $OE$, $T$ the midpoint of $AO$. Let $O_1$ be the circumcircle of $(SXY)$. Let $O_1'$ be the point on $SO_1$ such that $TO_1' \; || \; AH$. Let $\Omega$ be the 9-point circle of $\triangle AOE$, through $R, S, T$ and $D$, the foot of the altitude from $A$ onto $OE$. Note that $ST \; || \; EO$.

Claim 1: $O_1'$ lies on $\Omega$.
Proof: Let $Z = O_1'T \cap AE$. $\measuredangle TO_1'S = \measuredangle ZO_1'S = \measuredangle ZSO_1' + \measuredangle O_1'ZS = \measuredangle ESO_1' + \measuredangle HAE = \measuredangle ESY + \measuredangle YSO_1 + \measuredangle HAE = \measuredangle EAB + \measuredangle EAC + \measuredangle HAE = \measuredangle HAB + \measuredangle EAC = \measuredangle CAO + \measuredangle EAC = \measuredangle EAO = \measuredangle SAT = \measuredangle TRS$, where $\measuredangle SAT = \measuredangle TRS$ is due to $\triangle RST \sim \triangle ABC$. Hence due to angles in a circumcircle, $O_1'$ lies on $\Omega$. $\square$

Claim 2: $O_1' = O_1$.
Proof: We prove $SO_1 = SO_1'$, since $O_1, O_1'$ lie on the same side of $AE$. RemarkLet $r$ be the radius of $\Omega$. By the sine rule,
\begin{align*}
    2r = \frac{SO_1'}{\sin(\angle SQO_1')} = \frac{SO_1'}{\sin(\angle AHO)}.
\end{align*}The radius of $\Omega$ is half the radius of $(AOE)$, and since $AE = 2 \cdot AS$,
\begin{align*}
    2 \cdot 2r = \frac{AE}{\sin(\angle AOE)} \Rightarrow \frac{AS}{\sin(\angle AOE)} = 2r.
\end{align*}Thus
\begin{align*}
    \frac{SO_1'}{SA} = \frac{\sin(\angle AHO)}{\sin(\angle HOA)} = \frac{AO}{AH} = \frac{AO}{AC} \cdot \frac{AC}{AF} \cdot \frac{AF}{AH} = \frac{2}{\sin{\hat{B}}} \cdot \cos{\hat{A}} \cdot \sin{\hat{B}} = 2 \cos{\hat{A}}.
\end{align*}But we also have
\begin{align*}
    \frac{SY}{\sin(\angle SXY)} = \frac{SY}{\sin(90 - \hat{A})} = 2SO_1 \Rightarrow \frac{SO_1}{SA} = 2\cos{\hat{A}}. \square
\end{align*}
The perpendicular from $T$ to $BC$ bisectors $PM$, hence so does that of $O_1$ since $TO_1 \perp BC$. Thus, $O_1$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of $PM$. $\blacksquare$
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DongerLi
22 posts
#30
Y by
[asy]
size(7cm);
defaultpen(fontsize(10pt));

pair A, B, C;
A = dir(110);
B = dir(-162);
C = dir(-18);

pair O, H, D, P, M;
O = circumcenter(A, B, C);
H = orthocenter(A, B, C);
D = foot(A, H, O);
P = foot(A, B, C);
M = (B + C)/2;

pair K, S, X, Y, N, S1;
K = 0.57 * O + 0.43 * H;
S = (A + K)/2;
X = foot(K, A, B);
Y = foot(K, A, C);
N = (X + Y)/2;
S1 = 2 * circumcenter(S, X, Y) - S;

draw(A--B--C--A--P);
draw(circumcircle(A, B, C));
draw(K--A, deepgreen+dashed);
draw(X--K--Y, deepgreen);
draw(circumcircle(A, D, K), red);
draw(A--D, blue);
draw((4.1*O-3.1*H)--(3.1*H-2.1*O), blue);
draw(X--Y, purple);
draw(S--S1, purple+dotted);
draw(circumcircle(S, X, Y), purple+dotted);

dot("$A$", A, dir(110));
dot("$B$", B, dir(-162));
dot("$C$", C, dir(-18));

dot("$O$", O, dir(80));
dot("$H$", H, dir(190));
dot("$D$", D, dir(200));
dot("$P$", P, dir(260));
dot("$M$", M, dir(260));

dot("$K$", K, dir(-100));
dot("$S$", S, dir(60));
dot("$X$", X, dir(185));
dot("$Y$", Y, dir(5));
dot("$N$", N, dir(-95));
dot("$S'$", S1, dir(-95));
[/asy]

Define point $K$ to be the dilation of $S$ by a factor of $2$ about $A$. Here, $\omega = (AK)$ and $K$ is allowed to vary linearly on the Euler line. Let $l$ be the perpendicular bisector of $AD$. Note that as $K$ varies linearly, $S$, $X$, and $Y$ vary linearly on $l$, $AB$, and $AC$, respectively. Hence, the midpoint $N$ of $XY$ also varies linearly. Let $S'$ be the antipode of $S$ in $(SXY)$. Note that
\[\frac{SN}{NS'} = \left(\frac{SN}{NY}\right)^2 = (\tan{\angle NSY})^2 = \tan^2{A},\]which is constant. Since $N$ and $S$ both vary linearly, so does $S'$. It follows that the center of $(XSY)$, midpoint of $SS'$, also varies linearly. Thus, it suffices to prove the problem statement for two such points $K$ on the Euler line.

We choose $H$ and $O$.

If $K = H$, $S$ is the midpoint of $AH$, and $X$, $Y$ are the feet of the altitudes from $B$ and $C$. The circle $(XSY)$ in question is therefore the nine-point circle, whose center lies on the perpendicular bisector of $MP$ .

If $K = O$, we find $S$ to be the midpoint of $AO$, and $X$ and $Y$ to be the midpoints of $AB$ and $AC$, respectively. The circumcenter of $(SXY)$ then lies on $SN$, which is the perpendicular bisector of $MP$.

This completes our proof.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by DongerLi, Jan 25, 2023, 12:39 AM
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math_comb01
662 posts
#31
Y by
Easy and nice problem.
Let $T$ denote the antipode of $A$ in $(AXY)$, then we have the following cases:
$\text{CASE 1:} \quad T \equiv O$
[asy]  /* Geogebra to Asymptote conversion, documentation at artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki go to User:Azjps/geogebra */
import graph; size(12cm); 
real labelscalefactor = 0.5; /* changes label-to-point distance */
pen dps = linewidth(0.7) + fontsize(10); defaultpen(dps); /* default pen style */ 
pen dotstyle = black; /* point style */ 
real xmin = -4.36471658380817, xmax = 14.498175842200546, ymin = -5.39223726459042, ymax = 4.219781556321238;  /* image dimensions */
pen zzttff = rgb(0.6,0.2,1); 

draw((3.12,3.61)--(0.46,-3.87)--(11.44,-3.87)--cycle, linewidth(0.4) + zzttff); 
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draw((3.12,3.61)--(0.46,-3.87), linewidth(0.4) + zzttff); 
draw((0.46,-3.87)--(11.44,-3.87), linewidth(0.4) + zzttff); 
draw((11.44,-3.87)--(3.12,3.61), linewidth(0.4) + zzttff); 
draw(circle((4.535,1.0003208556149736), 2.968610826066321), linewidth(0.8) + blue); 
draw((3.12,3.61)--(5.95,-1.6093582887700522), linewidth(0.8)); 
draw((5.95,-1.6093582887700522)--(5.95,-3.87), linewidth(0.8)); 
draw((3.12,3.61)--(3.12,-3.87), linewidth(0.8)); 
draw((1.79,-0.13)--(4.535,1.0003208556149739), linewidth(0.8)); 
draw((4.535,1.0003208556149739)--(7.28,-0.13), linewidth(0.8)); 
draw((1.79,-0.13)--(7.28,-0.13), linewidth(0.8)); 
 /* dots and labels */
dot((3.12,3.61),dotstyle); 
label("$A$", (3.177662346473665,3.7475147356406078), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((0.46,-3.87),dotstyle); 
label("$B$", (0.5107438296889277,-3.725413191599959), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((11.44,-3.87),dotstyle); 
label("$C$", (11.497892510817715,-3.725413191599959), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((5.95,-1.6093582887700522),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$O$", (6.039043671773957,-1.7668949058361674), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((3.12,-0.9112834224598962),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$H$", (3.177662346473665,-0.7945808632583985), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((2.0687040121969074,-0.6519606994429188),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$D$", (2.1220071002463734,-0.5445572523098293), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((1.79,-0.13),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$X$", (1.8442030880812965,-0.016729629196183367), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((7.28,-0.13),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$Y$", (7.330832328341564,-0.016729629196183367), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((4.535,1.0003208556149739),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$S$", (4.594462808515557,1.1083766200723777), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((3.12,-3.87),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$P$", (3.177662346473665,-3.7531935928164666), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((5.95,-3.87),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$M$", (6.011263270557449,-3.7531935928164666), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((4.535,-2.8979750100503),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$O''$", (4.594462808515557,-2.780879550238698), NE * labelscalefactor); 
clip((xmin,ymin)--(xmin,ymax)--(xmax,ymax)--(xmax,ymin)--cycle); 
 /* end of picture */[/asy]
Let $O''$ be the circumcenter of $\triangle XSY$. Just notice that perpendicular bisectors of $PM$ and $XY$ are the same to get that $O''$ lies on perpendicular bisector of $PM$.
$\text{CASE 2:} \quad T \equiv H$
[asy] /* Geogebra to Asymptote conversion, documentation at artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki go to User:Azjps/geogebra */
import graph; size(12cm); 
real labelscalefactor = 0.5; /* changes label-to-point distance */
pen dps = linewidth(0.7) + fontsize(10); defaultpen(dps); /* default pen style */ 
pen dotstyle = black; /* point style */ 
real xmin = -1.7419188729163546, xmax = 12.001886155190885, ymin = -4.429974238189027, ymax = 2.573496365235269;  /* image dimensions */
pen zzttff = rgb(0.6,0.2,1); pen qqwuqq = rgb(0,0.39215686274509803,0); pen ccqqqq = rgb(0.8,0,0); 

draw((2.78,2.05)--(0.76,-3.09)--(10.56,-3.09)--cycle, linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
 /* draw figures */
draw((2.78,2.05)--(0.76,-3.09), linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
draw((0.76,-3.09)--(10.56,-3.09), linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
draw((10.56,-3.09)--(2.78,2.05), linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
draw(circle((2.78,1.0087548638132295), 1.0412451361867703), linewidth(0.8) + qqwuqq); 
draw(circle((4.22,-1.0406225680933903), 2.504705144005615), linewidth(0.8) + ccqqqq); 
 /* dots and labels */
dot((2.78,2.05),dotstyle); label("$A$", (2.8224817660205854,2.148430230345355), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((0.76,-3.09),dotstyle); 
label("$B$", (0.7983573141638491,-2.9928458773707467), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((10.56,-3.09),dotstyle); 
label("$C$", (10.605240283409735,-2.9928458773707467), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((5.66,-2.0487548638132296),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$O$", (5.696738487657151,-1.9706630291830964), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((2.78,-0.03249027237354091),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$H$", (2.8224817660205854,0.05346142267363664), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((1.8016049241530079,0.6524761678588333),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$D$", (1.8407814068700683,0.7315431140456422), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((2.78,1.0087548638132295),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$S$", (2.8224817660205854,1.0857648931205706), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((2.071079344262295,0.24611278688524568),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$X$", (2.1140382078707276,0.3267182236742956), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((3.7377807425127645,1.4172245480057057),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$Y$", (3.7738202583932514,1.5007104057512006), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((4.22,-1.0406225680933852),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$N_{9}$", (4.259610126838869,-0.9586008032547298), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((2.78,-3.09),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$P$", (2.8224817660205854,-3.013087121889314), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((5.66,-3.09),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$M$", (5.696738487657151,-3.013087121889314), NE * labelscalefactor); 
clip((xmin,ymin)--(xmin,ymax)--(xmax,ymax)--(xmax,ymin)--cycle); 
 /* end of picture */[/asy]
all lie on nine point circle
$\text{CASE 3 :} \quad T \not\equiv H,O$
[asy]  /* Geogebra to Asymptote conversion, documentation at artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki go to User:Azjps/geogebra */
import graph; size(12cm); 
real labelscalefactor = 0.5; /* changes label-to-point distance */
pen dps = linewidth(0.7) + fontsize(10); defaultpen(dps); /* default pen style */ 
pen dotstyle = black; /* point style */ 
real xmin = -9.249767422915646, xmax = 8.321611580789027, ymin = -3.820030982745853, ymax = 5.133867596461554;  /* image dimensions */
pen zzttqq = rgb(0.6,0.2,0); pen zzttff = rgb(0.6,0.2,1); 

draw((-1.6544806223452169,4.69393616337911)--(-5.5089610303002345,-2.345013343607709)--(5.06,-1.64)--cycle, linewidth(2) + zzttqq); 
draw((-2.353213494872263,3.417928793244585)--(-1.0334166145108656,2.758924130777999)--(-1.1611468347842868,4.228562161516616)--cycle, linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
draw((-2.7738546959360164,2.6497650301767286)--(-0.8934889087838629,0.6612468565858854)--(-0.18054456324227472,3.303535709144152)--cycle, linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
draw((-3.5817208263227256,1.1744614098857005)--(-0.624749532151955,-3.367465542523285)--(1.7027596888273915,1.5269680816895552)--cycle, linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
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draw((-5.5089610303002345,-2.345013343607709)--(5.06,-1.64), linewidth(0.4) + zzttqq); 
draw((5.06,-1.64)--(-1.6544806223452169,4.69393616337911), linewidth(0.4) + zzttqq); 
draw(circle((-1.8629437636790365,3.978774801703462), 0.744924596538825), linewidth(0.4) + linetype("4 4")); 
draw((-2.353213494872263,3.417928793244585)--(-1.0334166145108656,2.758924130777999), linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
draw((-1.0334166145108656,2.758924130777999)--(-1.1611468347842868,4.228562161516616), linewidth(0.8) + zzttff); 
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dot((-5.5089610303002345,-2.345013343607709),dotstyle); 
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dot((-0.3164638350777267,-0.613570893400371),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$O$", (-0.2699905241151726,-0.5076060748309741), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((-1.470513982489999,1.9360646065721419),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$H$", (-1.4215757460074523,2.041408405087898), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((-2.5378389363536256,4.294098699353272),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
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dot((-1.2040956347666916,-2.0578528992097027),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$P$", (-1.1498533902800605,-1.9567919720437337), NE * labelscalefactor); 
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dot((-2.071406905012856,3.263613440027813),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$T$", (-2.0167770966484055,3.361202704335233), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((-2.7738546959360164,2.6497650301767286),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
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label("$I$", (-0.6581653180114466,-1.9179744926541062), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((-3.5817208263227256,1.1744614098857005),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$Q$", (-3.5306587928438744,1.2779979770918906), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((1.7027596888273915,1.5269680816895552),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$N$", (1.7485184041454525,1.627355291598538), NE * labelscalefactor); 
dot((-0.624749532151955,-3.367465542523285),linewidth(4pt) + dotstyle); 
label("$O''$", (-0.5675911994356494,-3.263647111494526), NE * labelscalefactor); 
clip((xmin,ymin)--(xmin,ymax)--(xmax,ymax)--(xmax,ymin)--cycle); 
 /* end of picture */[/asy]
$F$ and $G$ denote the feet of perpendiculars from $B$ and $C$ to opposite side. Let $Q$ and $N$ be midpoints of $AB$ and $AC$.$E$ is circumcenter of $\triangle XSY$.
Notice $\measuredangle XEY = \measuredangle FN_9G= \measuredangle QO''N$
and $\frac{XE}{EY}=\frac{FN_9}{N_9G}=\frac{FO''}{O''N}=1$. By gliding principle we're done.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by math_comb01, Dec 13, 2023, 7:03 PM
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HamstPan38825
8857 posts
#32
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Complex numbers is most definitely the nicest way to go about this ... solution from the OTIS walkthrough.

We will instead define $z = k(a+b+c)$ to be the $A$-antipode in $(AXY)$; the condition implies that $Z$ lies on $\overline{OH}$, hence $k$ is real. Hence, we have the following formulas:
\begin{align*}
z &= k(a+b+c) \\
s &= \frac 12(a+z) \\
x &= \frac 12(a+b+z-ab\overline z) \\
y &= \frac 12(a+c+z-ac\overline z)
w = s + \frac{(x-s)(y-s)}{x+y-2s}.
\end{align*}Here, the last line follows from the shifted circumcenter formula, observing that $x, y$ lie on a circle centered at $s$. It then suffices to show that $\overline{WN_9} \perp \overline{BC}$, i.e. $\frac{w-\frac{a+b+c}2}{b-c}$ is pure imaginary. The rest is pure computation:
\begin{align*}
w - \frac{a+b+c}2 &= s+\frac{(b-ab\overline z)(c-zc\overline z)}{2(b+c-ab\overline z - ac\overline z)} -\frac{a+b+c}2\\
&= \frac 12\left(a+z+\frac{bc(1-a\overline z)}{b+c}\right) \\
&= \frac z2 - \frac b2 - \frac c2 + \frac{bc(1-a\overline z)}{2(b+c)} \\
&= \frac{b^2k+c^2k+bck-b^2-c^2-2bc+bc}{b+c} \\
&= \frac{(k-1)(b^2+c^2+bc)}{b+c}.
\end{align*}This is a constant multiple of $\frac{b^2+c^2+bc}{b+c}$, and note that $\frac{b^2+c^2+bc}{b^2-c^2}$ clearly equals its own conjugate. This finishes the problem.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by HamstPan38825, Mar 11, 2024, 4:40 PM
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dolphinday
1318 posts
#33
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We will use moving points.
Let $W$ be the circumcenter of $\triangle XSY$.
Fix $\triangle ABC$(thus fixing $D$) and move $X$ on line $\overline{AB}$. Then since $D$ and $A$ are fixed and $Y$ lies on line $\overline{AC}$ and on circle $(ADX)$ we have the map of moving points $X \to Y$ is linear. Since $\angle BOC = 2\angle A = \angle XSY$, so $\triangle XSY \sim \triangle BOC$ is fixed, which implies that $X \to W$ is a linear map.
We now check whether the problem is true for $deg(W) + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2$ cases.
If $X$ is the projection of $H$ onto $AB$ we have that $\angle HXA = 90^\circ = \angle HSA \implies S$ is the midpoint of $HA$. It follows that $W$ is the center of the nine-point circle which passes through $P$ and $M$.
If $X$ is the projection of $O$ onto $AB$, similarly we have $S$ being the midpoint of $AO$.
Then note that $S$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of $PM$ by homothety since $OM \parallel AP$. Clearly the perpendicular bisector of $PM$ also perpendicularly bisects $XY$, so it passes through $W$ as desired.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by dolphinday, Jun 24, 2024, 3:38 PM
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