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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
PD is the angle bisector of <BPC
the_universe6626   3
N 4 minutes ago by ja.
Source: Janson MO 6 P1
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with $AB<AC$. The angle bisector of $\angle{BAC}$ intersects $BC$ at $D$, and the perpendicular to $AD$ at $D$ intersects $AB$ and $AC$ at $E, F$ respectively. Suppose $(AEF)$ and $(ABC)$ intersect again at $P\neq A$, prove that $PD$ is the angle bisector of $\angle{BPC}$.

(Proposed by quacksaysduck)
3 replies
the_universe6626
Feb 21, 2025
ja.
4 minutes ago
help me guyss
Bet667   1
N 12 minutes ago by Bet667
i want to learn functionl equation.Can you guys give me some advise to learn functional equations :starwars:
1 reply
Bet667
Yesterday at 3:49 PM
Bet667
12 minutes ago
Inspired by old results
sqing   2
N 34 minutes ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $  a,b,c>0 $ and $a+ 2b+c =1.$ Prove that
$$\frac 1a + \frac 1{2b} + \frac 1c+abc \geq\frac{487}{54} $$Let $  a,b,c>0 $ and $2a+ b+2c = 1.$ Prove that
$$\frac 1a + \frac 2b + \frac 1c+abc \geq\frac{1945}{108} $$
2 replies
sqing
2 hours ago
sqing
34 minutes ago
China Mathematical Olympiad 1986 problem3
jred   3
N 35 minutes ago by L13832
Source: China Mathematical Olympiad 1986 problem3
Let $Z_1,Z_2,\cdots ,Z_n$ be complex numbers satisfying $|Z_1|+|Z_2|+\cdots +|Z_n|=1$. Show that there exist some among the $n$ complex numbers such that the modulus of the sum of these complex numbers is not less than $1/6$.
3 replies
jred
Jan 17, 2014
L13832
35 minutes ago
3-digit palindrome and binary expansion \overline {xyx}
parmenides51   6
N an hour ago by imzzzzzz
Source: RMM Shortlist 2017 N2
Let $x, y$ and $k$ be three positive integers. Prove that there exist a positive integer $N$ and a set of $k + 1$ positive integers $\{b_0,b_1, b_2, ... ,b_k\}$, such that, for every $i = 0, 1, ... , k$ , the $b_i$-ary expansion of $N$ is a $3$-digit palindrome, and the $b_0$-ary expansion is exactly $\overline{\mbox{xyx}}$.

proposed by Bojan Basic, Serbia
6 replies
parmenides51
Jul 4, 2019
imzzzzzz
an hour ago
Hard Functional Equation
yaybanana   3
N an hour ago by yaybanana
Source: own
Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ , s.t :

$f(y^2+x)+f(x+yf(x))=f(y)f(y+x)+f(2x)$

for all $x,y \in \mathbb{R}$
3 replies
yaybanana
Yesterday at 3:35 PM
yaybanana
an hour ago
Orthocenter config once again
Assassino9931   6
N an hour ago by wassupevery1
Source: Bulgaria National Olympiad 2025, Day 2, Problem 4
Let \( ABC \) be an acute triangle with \( AB < AC \), midpoint $M$ of side $BC$, altitude \( AD \) (\( D \in BC \)), and orthocenter \( H \). A circle passes through points \( B \) and \( D \), is tangent to line \( AB \), and intersects the circumcircle of triangle \( ABC \) at a second point \( Q \). The circumcircle of triangle \( QDH \) intersects line \( BC \) at a second point \( P \). Prove that the lines \( MH \) and \( AP \) are perpendicular.
6 replies
Assassino9931
Tuesday at 1:53 PM
wassupevery1
an hour ago
Prove that x1=x2=....=x2025
Rohit-2006   5
N 2 hours ago by Rohit-2006
Source: A mock
The real numbers $x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_{2025}$ satisfy,
$$x_1+x_2=2\bar{x_1}, x_2+x_3=2\bar{x_2},\cdots, x_{2025}+x_1=2\bar{x_{2025}}$$Where {$\bar{x_1},\cdots,\bar{x_{2025}}$} is a permutation of $x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_{2025}$. Prove that $x_1=x_2=\cdots=x_{2025}$
5 replies
Rohit-2006
Yesterday at 5:22 AM
Rohit-2006
2 hours ago
Thanks u!
Ruji2018252   4
N 2 hours ago by teomihai
Let $a^2+b^2+c^2-2a-4b-4c=7(a,b,c\in\mathbb{R})$
Find minimum $T=2a+3b+6c$
4 replies
Ruji2018252
Yesterday at 5:52 PM
teomihai
2 hours ago
Integral solutions
KDS   4
N 2 hours ago by Maximilian113
Source: Romania TST 1993
Prove that the equation $ (x+y)^n=x^m+y^m$ has a unique solution in integers with $ x>y>0$ and $ m,n>1$.
4 replies
KDS
Jul 12, 2009
Maximilian113
2 hours ago
F=(F^3+F^3)/9-2F^3
Yiyj1   0
2 hours ago
Source: 101 Algebra Problems for the AMSP
Define the Fibonacci sequence $F_n$ as $$F_1=F_2=1, F_{n+1}+F_n=F_{n-1}$$fir $n \in \mathbb{N}$. Prove that $$F_{2n}=\dfrac{F_{2n+2}^3+F_{2n-2}^3}{9}-2F_{2n}^3$$for all $n \ge 2$.
0 replies
Yiyj1
2 hours ago
0 replies
4 lines concurrent
Zavyk09   2
N 2 hours ago by aidenkim119
Source: Homework
Let $ABC$ be triangle with circumcenter $(O)$ and orthocenter $H$. $BH, CH$ intersect $(O)$ again at $K, L$ respectively. Lines through $H$ parallel to $AB, AC$ intersects $AC, AB$ at $E, F$ respectively. Point $D$ such that $HKDL$ is a parallelogram. Prove that lines $KE, LF$ and $AD$ are concurrent at a point on $OH$.
2 replies
Zavyk09
Yesterday at 11:51 AM
aidenkim119
2 hours ago
Inequality => square
Rushil   13
N 2 hours ago by mqoi_KOLA
Source: INMO 1998 Problem 4
Suppose $ABCD$ is a cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in a circle of radius one unit. If $AB \cdot BC \cdot CD \cdot DA \geq 4$, prove that $ABCD$ is a square.
13 replies
Rushil
Oct 7, 2005
mqoi_KOLA
2 hours ago
where a, b, c are positive real numbers
eyesofgod1930   2
N 2 hours ago by sqing
where $a, b, c$ are positive real numbers.Prove that
$\frac{4}{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+4}}-\frac{9}{\sqrt{(a+b)\sqrt{(a+2c)(b+2c)}}}\leq \frac{5}{8}$
2 replies
eyesofgod1930
Jun 8, 2020
sqing
2 hours ago
INMO 2019 P1
div5252   59
N Nov 21, 2024 by L13832
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $\angle{BAC} > 90$. Let $D$ be a point on the segment $BC$ and $E$ be a point on line $AD$ such that $AB$ is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle $ACD$ at $A$ and $BE$ is perpendicular to $AD$. Given that $CA=CD$ and $AE=CE$. Determine $\angle{BCA}$ in degrees.
59 replies
div5252
Jan 20, 2019
L13832
Nov 21, 2024
INMO 2019 P1
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
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gulkr10sept
27 posts
#52 • 1 Y
Y by ImSh95
Lightprince wrote:
i got 60 as answer

Then you are wrong because then..... angle B would be 0 degree.....
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Maths_1729
390 posts
#53 • 1 Y
Y by ImSh95
Another Solution can be..
First observe By Tangent-Secant theorem we have $\angle BAE=\angle BCA$ Now we will choose a variable Point $B^*\in BE$ Such $EB^*=AD=AC$ Now there are $2$ cases
Case 1-: if $B^*E<BE$
Then observe $\angle B^*CA=\angle B^*AE=45^\circ \implies$ $\angle BCA+\angle BCB^*=\angle BAE -\angle BAB^*$ Which is only possible if $\angle BCB^*=\angle BAB^*=0^\circ$ or $B^*\equiv B$ Hence $\angle BCA=45^\circ$ in this case.
Case 2-: if $B^*E>BE$
Then $\angle B^*AE=\angle BAE +\angle B^*AB=\angle BCA-\angle B^*CB$ And here also it is only possible if $\angle B^*AB=\angle B^*CB=0^\circ$
Hence $B^*\equiv B$ and $\angle BCA=45^\circ$ $\blacksquare$
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by Maths_1729, Feb 9, 2021, 12:34 PM
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MrOreoJuice
594 posts
#54 • 2 Y
Y by PRMOisTheHardestExam, ImSh95
Simple solution:
Let $\angle ADC = 2x$ and $F$ be the foot of perpendicular from $A$ to $BC$ and $G = EX \cap AC$.
$\implies ABEF$ is cyclic.
Simple angle chase done in picture :)
$\angle GFA = \angle GAF \implies AG=GF$ and $GF = GC \implies G$ is midpoint of $AC \implies \angle EGA = 90^\circ$
$\implies 2x + 2x = 90^\circ \implies 2x = 45^\circ = \angle BCA$
Attachments:
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by MrOreoJuice, Apr 30, 2021, 4:32 PM
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nabodorbuco
38 posts
#55 • 1 Y
Y by ImSh95
Hi there! I just made a video about it. Hope you like it!

https://youtu.be/UVFx1gVWP4w
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Sprites
478 posts
#56 • 1 Y
Y by ImSh95
nabodorbuco wrote:
Hi there! I just made a video about it. Hope you like it!

https://youtu.be/UVFx1gVWP4w

Very well explained!!
Solution
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Mahdi_Mashayekhi
689 posts
#57 • 1 Y
Y by ImSh95
we have $\angle ECA = \angle EAC = \angle ADC = x$. $\angle BAE = \angle 180 - 2x = \angle AEC$ so $CE || AB$. Let line from $C$ parallel with $AE$ meet $AB$ at $S$. we have $\angle CSE = \angle 90 - x = \angle CBE$ so $BECS$ is cyclic so $\angle 180 = \angle EBS + \angle ECS = 2x - 90 + 2x$ so $4x = 270$ so $x = 67.5$. $\angle BCA = \angle DCA = \angle 180 - 2x = 45$.
we're Done.
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Taco12
1757 posts
#58 • 1 Y
Y by ImSh95
Let $\angle BCA = 2x$. Notice that by angle chasing, we can directly get the measure of all angles in the problem statement:
\begin{align*}
\angle CAE = \angle ADC = \angle BDE &= 90-x \\
\angle BCA = \angle BAD &= 2x \\
\angle ABD = \angle BCE &= 90-3x \\
\angle CBE &= x \\
\angle ADB = \angle CDE &= 90+x. \\
\end{align*}
Now, by Quadrilateral Ratio Lemma, we have $$\frac{\sin\angle BAE}{\sin\angle CAE}=\frac{\sin\angle ABE}{\sin\angle ACE}\cdot\frac{\sin\angle BCE}{\sin\angle CBE} \leftrightarrow \sin(2x)\sin(x)=\sin(90-2x)\sin(90-3x)\leftrightarrow x=22.5^{\circ} \rightarrow 2x=\boxed{45^{\circ}}.$$
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lifeismathematics
1188 posts
#59 • 2 Y
Y by ImSh95, Rounak_iitr
We extend $BA$ to point $P$ such that $CP \parallel AE$

this gives $AECP$ to be a rhombus

denote $\angle{ADC}=\theta$ a, since $BE \perp AD$ we have $\angle{DBE}=90^{\circ}-\theta$ , also we have $\angle{ADC}=\angle{DAC}=\angle{ECA}=\theta$ we have $\angle{DCA}=180^{\circ}-2\theta \implies \angle{ECD}=3\theta-180^{\circ}$

since $AECP$ is a rhombus we have $\angle{EPC}=90^{\circ}-\theta \implies BECP$ is a cyclic quadrilateral since we have $\angle{DBE}=90^{\circ}-\theta$

so we have $\angle{ECD}=\angle{APE} \implies 3\theta-180^{\circ}=90^{\circ}-\theta \implies 180-2\theta=45^{\circ}$

so $\angle{BCA}=180^{\circ}-2\theta=\boxed{45^{\circ}}$ $\blacksquare$
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Spectator
657 posts
#60
Y by
Bruh

Let $\alpha = \angle{DAC}$. It suffices to find $180-2\alpha$. Note that $\angle{AEC} = 180-2\alpha = \angle{BAE}$, because of tangent properties. Define $X$ as the foot of the altitude from $C$ onto $AD$. Note that $\triangle{ABE}\sim \triangle{ECX}$ and also $\triangle{CXD} \sim \triangle{BED}$. Because of this, we have
\[\frac{XD}{DE} = \frac{XE}{AE}\implies \frac{AD}{2\cdot DE} = \frac{AD+2\cdot DE}{2\cdot (AD+DE)} \implies AD = \sqrt{2}\cdot DE\]and we also have
\[\frac{AB}{AE}=\frac{AB}{CE} = \frac{CX}{BE} = \frac{XD}{DE} \implies AB = \sqrt{2}AE\]Thus, $180-2\alpha = \boxed{45^{\circ}}$.
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cj13609517288
1881 posts
#61
Y by
Let $F$ be the other intersection of $(ACD)$ and $CE$ and let $\alpha=\angle ADC$. Then
\[\alpha=\angle ADC=\angle DAC=\angle ACE,\]so
\[\angle BAC+\angle ACE=\angle BAD+2\alpha=\angle ACD+\angle DAC+\angle ADC=180^{\circ},\]so $AB\parallel CE$ and $AC\parallel DF$.
Let $P$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $C$ to $AD$. Note that $AP=PD$. We have $\triangle BED\sim\triangle CPD$ by AA similarity.

Now consider the negative homothety $h$ centered at $D$ such that $h(B)=C$. Then by the similarity, $h(E)=P$. We have $h(AB)=CE$ since they are parallel. Since $h(AE)=AE$, $h(A)=h(AB\cap AE)=CE\cap AE=E$. So $DE^2=(DA)(DP)=\frac12 DA^2$, so $\sqrt2 DE=DA$.

Now let $DF=a$. Then $AC=(\sqrt2+1)a$, so $CD=AF=(\sqrt2+1)a$. If we let $AD=b$, applying Ptolemy's on cyclic quadrilateral $ADFC$ gives
\[(\sqrt2+1)a^2+b^2=(\sqrt2+1)^2 a^2\Longrightarrow b=\sqrt{2+\sqrt2} a\Longrightarrow DE=\sqrt{4+2\sqrt2}\cdot\frac{a}{2}.\]Thus
\[\cos\alpha=\cos\angle FDE=\frac{a/2}{DE}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4+2\sqrt2}}\Longrightarrow
\cos(2\alpha)=\frac{2}{4+2\sqrt2}-1=\frac{1}{2+\sqrt2}-1=\frac{2-\sqrt2}{2}-1=\frac{-\sqrt2}{2}\]\[\Longrightarrow
\cos(\angle ACB)=\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\Longrightarrow
\boxed{\angle ACB=45^{\circ}}.\]
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by cj13609517288, Oct 31, 2023, 2:18 AM
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SilverBlaze_SY
66 posts
#62
Y by
Let $AX\perp BC$ such that $X$ lies on $BC$. Extending $EX$ to meet $AC$ at $F$.
Let $\angle BCA= 2\theta \Rightarrow \angle CAD= \angle CDA= 90^{\circ}-\theta$. (As $\Delta CAD$ is isosceles.)
Also, $AE=CE \Rightarrow \angle EAC= \angle ACE = 90^{\circ}-\theta \Rightarrow \angle AEC= 2\theta$.
As $AB$ is tangent to the circumcircle of $\Delta CAD \Rightarrow \angle DAB = \angle ACD= 2\theta$. (by alternate segment theorem).
From the previous results, $\angle AEC=\angle EAB = 2\theta \Rightarrow AB \parallel CE$.

$\angle BEA = \angle BXA = 90^{\circ} \Rightarrow ABEX$ is cyclic.
$\Rightarrow \angle BAE= \angle BXE= 2\theta = \angle CXF$ (vertically opposite).
Thus, $\Delta CFX$ is isosceles $\Rightarrow XF=CF$.

$\angle AXF= 90^{\circ} -\angle CXF= 90^{\circ}-2\theta = \angle XAF$.
Thus, $\Delta AXF$ is isosceles $\Rightarrow AF=XF$.
But $XF=CF\Rightarrow AF=CF$. Also, $AE=CE \Rightarrow \Delta AEF \cong \Delta CEF$.
$\Rightarrow \angle AFE= 90^{\circ} \Rightarrow \angle FAX+ \angle FXA= 90^{\circ} \Rightarrow 2(90^{\circ}-2\theta)=90^{\circ}$
$\Rightarrow 2\theta=45^{\circ} \Rightarrow \angle BCA= \boxed{45^{\circ}}$
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peppapig_
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Let $\angle ACD=2a$.

C1: I claim that $AB\parallel CE$. This is because since $AB$ is tangent to $(ADC)$ at $A$, we have that
\[\angle BAE=\angle ACD=2a.\]Additionally, since $AE=CE$, we have that
\[\angle AEC=180-2\angle EAC=180-2\angle DAC=\angle ACD=2a,\]since $CA=CD$. Therefore, since $\angle BAE=\angle AEC$, we have that $AB\parallel CE$, proving our claim.

C2: I claim that $\triangle BDA\sim \triangle CDE$. This follows directly from (C1). Since $AB\parallel CE$, this gives us that
\[\angle ABD=\angle ECD,\]and
\[\angle BAD=\angle DEC,\]meaning that $\triangle BDA\sim \triangle CDE$, proving our claim.

C3: Let $X\neq D$ be on line $AB$ so that $EX=DX$. I claim that $\triangle BDX\sim CDA$. Note that since $\angle BED=90$ and $ED=DX$, we have that $\triangle BDX$ is isosceles with $BD=BX$. Since $\triangle CDA$ is also isosceles with $CA=CD$, to prove that they're similar, we just need to prove that $\angle BDE=\angle CDA$. This is obvious since lines $AE$ and $BC$ intersect at $D$. Therefore $\triangle BDX\sim CDA$, proving our claim.

C4: I claim that $\frac{AD}{DE}=\sqrt{2}$. This is because by (C2), we have that $\triangle BDA\sim \triangle CDE$, meaning that
\[\frac{BD}{DC}=\frac{AD}{DE}.\]Additionally, by (C3), we also have that $\triangle BDA\sim \triangle CDE$, meaning that
\[\frac{BD}{DC}=\frac{XD}{AD}=\frac{2*DE}{AD}.\]Equating the two equations gives that
\[2*\frac{DE}{AD}=\frac{AD}{DE},\]implying that $\frac{AD}{DE}=\sqrt{2}$, proving our claim.
C5: I claim that $\frac{EA}{AB}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$. This is because
\[\frac{EA}{AB}=\frac{EC}{AB}=\frac{ED}{AD}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\]by (C4), proving our claim.

Finally, notice that $\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\frac{EA}{AB}=\cos(2a)$, meaning that
\[\angle BCA=\angle ACD=2a=45,\]finishing the problem.
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Mathandski
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TestX01
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Sketch:

Angle chase for $AC$ tangent to $(CDE)$. Invert at $A$ preserving $(CDE)$. Then we see that $D\leftrightarrow E$, $C$ is fixed, and that $B$ is sent to the foot of $D$ onto $AB$. Note that $ACEB'$ is cyclic. We reverse reconstruct $E$. Let $E$ be $AD\cap (ACB')$. Then $(CDE)$ is tangent to $AB$. Note that by angle chase,
\[\measuredangle DAB'=\measuredangle BCA=\measuredangle AEC=\measuredangle AB'C\]Letting $CB'\cap AD=X$, we see by Thales that $X$ is the midpoint of $AD$. However, $CX$ is then a symmedian of $\triangle CAD$ (Isos triangle). This means that $B'D$ is tangent to $(ACD)$. Clearly, we can get $\angle BCA=45^\circ$ by alternate segment theorem.
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L13832
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#67 • 1 Y
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Solution
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