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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Sequence with non-positive terms
socrates   8
N 2 minutes ago by ray66
Source: Baltic Way 2014, Problem 2
Let $a_0, a_1, . . . , a_N$ be real numbers satisfying $a_0 = a_N = 0$ and \[a_{i+1} - 2a_i + a_{i-1} = a^2_i\] for $i = 1, 2, . . . , N - 1.$ Prove that $a_i\leq 0$ for $i = 1, 2, . . . , N- 1.$
8 replies
socrates
Nov 11, 2014
ray66
2 minutes ago
Radii Relaionship
steveshaff   0
15 minutes ago
Two externally tangent circles with radii a and b are each internally tangent to a semicircle and its diameter. The two points of tangency on the semicircle and the two points of tangency on its diameter lie on a circle of radius r. Prove that r^2 = 3ab.
0 replies
steveshaff
15 minutes ago
0 replies
Inspired by old results
sqing   1
N 24 minutes ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $ a,b\in [0,1] $ . Prove that
$$(a+b)(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{k}{b+1})\leq k+1 $$Where $ k\geq 0. $
$$(a+b-ab)(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{k}{b+1})\leq \frac{2k+1}{2} $$Where $ k\geq1. $
1 reply
1 viewing
sqing
43 minutes ago
sqing
24 minutes ago
Letters in grid
buzzychaoz   6
N 35 minutes ago by de-Kirschbaum
Source: CGMO 2016 Q6
Find the greatest positive integer $m$, such that one of the $4$ letters $C,G,M,O$ can be placed in each cell of a table with $m$ rows and $8$ columns, and has the following property: For any two distinct rows in the table, there exists at most one column, such that the entries of these two rows in such a column are the same letter.
6 replies
buzzychaoz
Aug 14, 2016
de-Kirschbaum
35 minutes ago
Equal pairs in continuous function
CeuAzul   16
N 40 minutes ago by Ilikeminecraft
Let $f(x)$ be an continuous function defined in $\text{[0,2015]},f(0)=f(2015)$
Prove that there exists at least $2015$ pairs of $(x,y)$ such that $f(x)=f(y),x-y \in \mathbb{N^+}$
16 replies
CeuAzul
Aug 6, 2018
Ilikeminecraft
40 minutes ago
Thanks u!
Ruji2018252   9
N an hour ago by sqing
Let $a^2+b^2+c^2-2a-4b-4c=7(a,b,c\in\mathbb{R})$
Find minimum $T=2a+3b+6c$
9 replies
Ruji2018252
Apr 9, 2025
sqing
an hour ago
R+ Functional Equation
Mathdreams   7
N an hour ago by jasperE3
Source: Nepal TST 2025, Problem 3
Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R}^+ \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^+$ such that \[f(f(x)) + xf(xy) = x + f(y)\]for all positive real numbers $x$ and $y$.

(Andrew Brahms, USA)
7 replies
Mathdreams
Yesterday at 1:27 PM
jasperE3
an hour ago
Old or new
sqing   4
N an hour ago by sqing
Source: ZDSX 2025 Q845
Let $   a,b,c>0   $ and $  a^2+b^2+c^2+ abc=4   $ . Prove that $$1\leq \frac{1}{2a+bc }+ \frac{1}{2b+ca }+ \frac{1}{2c+ab }\leq  \frac{1}{\sqrt{abc} }$$
4 replies
sqing
Yesterday at 4:22 AM
sqing
an hour ago
Inspired by ZDSX 2025 Q845
sqing   3
N an hour ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $   a,b,c>0   $ and $  a^2+b^2+c^2 +ab+bc+ca=6   $ . Prove that$$  \frac{1}{2a+bc }+ \frac{1}{2b+ca }+ \frac{1}{2c+ab }\geq 1$$
3 replies
sqing
Yesterday at 1:41 PM
sqing
an hour ago
Incenter and midpoint geom
sarjinius   88
N an hour ago by LHE96
Source: 2024 IMO Problem 4
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB < AC < BC$. Let the incenter and incircle of triangle $ABC$ be $I$ and $\omega$, respectively. Let $X$ be the point on line $BC$ different from $C$ such that the line through $X$ parallel to $AC$ is tangent to $\omega$. Similarly, let $Y$ be the point on line $BC$ different from $B$ such that the line through $Y$ parallel to $AB$ is tangent to $\omega$. Let $AI$ intersect the circumcircle of triangle $ABC$ at $P \ne A$. Let $K$ and $L$ be the midpoints of $AC$ and $AB$, respectively.
Prove that $\angle KIL + \angle YPX = 180^{\circ}$.

Proposed by Dominik Burek, Poland
88 replies
sarjinius
Jul 17, 2024
LHE96
an hour ago
ineq.trig.
wer   19
N an hour ago by mpcnotnpc
If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle, show that: $\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}+\frac{r}{R}\le2$
19 replies
wer
Jul 5, 2014
mpcnotnpc
an hour ago
A three-variable functional inequality on non-negative reals
Tintarn   11
N 2 hours ago by jasperE3
Source: Dutch TST 2024, 1.2
Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R}_{\ge 0} \to \mathbb{R}$ with
\[2x^3zf(z)+yf(y) \ge 3yz^2f(x)\]for all $x,y,z \in \mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}$.
11 replies
Tintarn
Jun 28, 2024
jasperE3
2 hours ago
Inequality with a,b,c
GeoMorocco   5
N 2 hours ago by imnotgoodatmathsorry
Source: Morocco Training 2025
Let $   a,b,c   $ be positive real numbers such that : $   ab+bc+ca=3   $ . Prove that : $$\frac{a\sqrt{3+bc}}{b+c}+\frac{b\sqrt{3+ca}}{c+a}+\frac{c\sqrt{3+ab}}{a+b}\ge a+b+c $$
5 replies
GeoMorocco
Thursday at 9:51 PM
imnotgoodatmathsorry
2 hours ago
Points in general position
AshAuktober   3
N 2 hours ago by Tony_stark0094
Source: 2025 Nepal ptst p1 of 4
Shining tells Prajit a positive integer $n \ge 2025$. Prajit then tries to place n points such that no four points are concyclic and no $3$ points are collinear in Euclidean plane, such that Shining cannot find a group of three points such that their circumcircle contains none of the other remaining points. Is he always able to do so?

(Prajit Adhikari, Nepal and Shining Sun, USA)
3 replies
AshAuktober
Mar 15, 2025
Tony_stark0094
2 hours ago
Circles with same radical axis
Jalil_Huseynov   5
N Sep 26, 2024 by breloje17fr
Source: DGO 2021, Individual stage, Day2 P3
Let $O$ be the circumcenter of triangle $ABC$. The altitudes from $A, B, C$ of triangle $ABC$ intersects the circumcircle of the triangle $ABC$ at $A_1, B_1, C_1$ respectively. $AO, BO, CO$ meets $BC, CA, AB$ at $A_2, B_2, C_2$ respectively. Prove that the circumcircles of triangles $AA_1A_2, BB_1B_2, CC_1C_2$ share two common points.

Proporsed by wassupevery1
5 replies
Jalil_Huseynov
Dec 26, 2021
breloje17fr
Sep 26, 2024
Circles with same radical axis
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G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: DGO 2021, Individual stage, Day2 P3
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Jalil_Huseynov
439 posts
#1
Y by
Let $O$ be the circumcenter of triangle $ABC$. The altitudes from $A, B, C$ of triangle $ABC$ intersects the circumcircle of the triangle $ABC$ at $A_1, B_1, C_1$ respectively. $AO, BO, CO$ meets $BC, CA, AB$ at $A_2, B_2, C_2$ respectively. Prove that the circumcircles of triangles $AA_1A_2, BB_1B_2, CC_1C_2$ share two common points.

Proporsed by wassupevery1
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Jalil_Huseynov, Dec 28, 2021, 12:33 PM
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Davsch
381 posts
#2 • 1 Y
Y by PRMOisTheHardestExam
We use complex numbers with $(ABC)$ as the unit circle. Then $a_1=-\frac{bc}a,a_2=\frac{a^2(b+c)}{a^2+bc}$. The condition $Z\in (AA_1A_2)$ is equivalent to $\frac{(z-a)(a^3b+a^3c+a^2bc+b^2c^2)}{a(az+bc)}=\frac{(a\bar z-1)(a^3+bc(a+b+c))}{bc\bar z+a}$, or, after diving by $a^2+bc$, \[z\bar z(b^2c^2-a^4)+za(a+b)(a+c)-\bar zabc(a+b)(a+c)-a(b+c)(a^2-bc)=0.\]Analogous equations hold for $Z\in (BB_1B_2),(CC_1C_2)$. We will now show that these equations are linearly dependent. We compute that (to evaluate the $3\times 3$-determinants, we always subtract row $1$ from rows $2,3$)
\[\det\begin{pmatrix}a(a+b)(a+c)&-abc(a+b)(a+c)\\b(b+a)(b+c)&-abc(b+a)(b+c)\end{pmatrix}=-abc(a+b)^2(b+c)(c+a)(a-b)\neq 0,\]\[\det\begin{pmatrix}a(a+b)(a+c)&-abc(a+b)(a+c)&b^2c^2-a^4\\b(b+a)(b+c)&-abc(b+a)(b+c)&c^2a^2-b^4\\c(c+a)(c+b)&-abc(c+a)(c+b)&a^2b^2-c^4\end{pmatrix}\]\[=-abc\det\begin{pmatrix}a(a+b)(a+c)&(a+b)(a+c)&b^2c^2-a^4\\(b-a)(b+a)(a+b+c)&(b-a)(b+a)&(a-b)(a+b)(a^2+b^2+c^2)\\(c-a)(c+a)(a+b+c)&(c-a)(c+a)&(a-c)(a+b)(a^2+b^2+c^2)\end{pmatrix}=0,\]\[\det\begin{pmatrix}a(a+b)(a+c)&-abc(a+b)(a+c)&a(b+c)(a^2-bc)\\b(b+a)(b+c)&-abc(b+a)(b+c)&b(c+a)(b^2-ca)\\c(c+a)(c+b)&-abc(c+a)(c+b)&c(a+b)(c^2-ab)\end{pmatrix}\]\[=-abc\det\begin{pmatrix}a(a+b)(a+c)&(a+b)(a+c)&b^2c^2-a^4\\(b-a)(b+a)(a+b+c)&(b-a)(b+a)&(b-a)(b+a)(ab+bc+ca)\\(c-a)(c+a)(a+b+c)&(c-a)(c+a)&(c-a)(c+a)(ab+bc+ca)\end{pmatrix}=0,\]as desired.
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BelieverofMaths
263 posts
#3 • 2 Y
Y by Noob_at_math_69_level, vuanhnshn
is there any geomerical proof of this one ?
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bin_sherlo
687 posts
#4 • 1 Y
Y by ehuseyinyigit
Nice problem!
Replace $A_2,B_2,C_2$ with $D,E,F$. Let $H$ be the orthocenter of $\triangle ABC$. Set $(BB_1E)\cap (CC_1F)=P,Q$.
Claim: $H$ lies on $PQ$.
Proof:
\[Pow(H,(BB_1EPQ))=HB.HB_1=HC.HC_1=Pow(H,(CC_1FPQ))\]Thus, $H$ lies on the radical axis of $(BB_1E)$ and $(CC_1F)$ which is $PQ$.$\square$
Claim: $A,A_1,P,Q$ are concyclic.
Proof:
\[HA.HA_1=HB.HB_1=HP.HQ\]Which gives the desired result.$\square$
Take $\sqrt{bc}$ inversion and reflect over the angle bisector of $\angle BAC$.
New Problem Statement: $ABC$ is a triangle whose circumcenter is $O$. $BC$ intersects the reflection of $AO$ with respect to $AB,AC$ at $B_1,C_1$ respectively. Parallel lines to $AB_1,AC_1$ through $C,B$ intersect $AB,AC$ at $E,F$ respectively. $D$ is on $(ABC)$ which holds $AD\perp BC$. Prove that $D$ lies on the radical axis of $(B_1EC)$ and $(C_1FB)$.
Lemma: $ABC$ is a triangle whose circumcenter is $O$. $AO\cap (BOC)=G,BO\cap AC=E$. $C_1$ is the intersection of the altitude from $C$ to $AB$ and $(ABC)$. Then, $C_1,E,C,G$ are concyclic.
Proof: Let $(GCE)\cap AG=S$.
\[\measuredangle ESG=180-\measuredangle GCA=\measuredangle C=90-\measuredangle GAB\]Hence $AS\perp AB\perp CC_1$. Also $\measuredangle OES=90-\measuredangle ABS=\measuredangle C=\measuredangle ESO$ which implies $OE=OS$. Combining this with $OC_1=OC,$ we conclude that $CESC_1$ is an isosceles trapezoid. Thus, $G,C,E,C_1,S$ are concyclic.$\square$
Let $B_1F\cap C_1E=T$. Let $(B_1EC)\cap EC_1=L,(C_1BF)\cap B_1F=K$. By inverting the configuration of the lemma with $\sqrt{bc}$, we get that $H,B,C_1,E$ are concyclic.
\[\measuredangle ECB_1=90-\measuredangle A=\measuredangle EC_1H=\measuredangle EC_1B+\measuredangle BC_1H=\measuredangle EC_1B+\measuredangle DC_1B_1=\measuredangle EC_1B+\measuredangle C_1B_1D=\measuredangle(EC_1,B_1D)\]Hence $B_1,D,L$ are collinear. Similarily, $C_1,D,K$ are collinear.
Claim: $TB_1=TC_1$.
Proof:
\[\frac{BB_1}{BF}=\frac{BC}{BF}.\frac{AB_1}{CE}=\frac{BC}{CE}.\frac{AB_1}{BF}=\frac{CC_1}{CE}\]And $\measuredangle FBB_1=90+\measuredangle A=\measuredangle C_1CE$ subsequently $FBB_1\sim ECC_1$. So $\measuredangle BB_1F=\measuredangle EC_1C$ which yields $TB_1=TC_1$.$\square$
Claim: $TK=TL$.
Proof: Let $M=(B_1EC)\cap B_1F,N=(C_1FB)\cap C_1E$.
\[\measuredangle EMB_1=\measuredangle ECB_1=90-\measuredangle A=\measuredangle C_1BF=\measuredangle C_1NF\]Thus, $M,N,E,F$ are concyclic. By using this,
\[TM.TF.TB_1.TK=(TK.TF)(TM.TB_1)=(TN.TC_1)(TE.TL)=(TN.TE).TC_1.TL=TM.TF.TB_1.TL\]Hence $TK=TL$.$\square$
Since $TK=TL$ and $TB_1=TC_1,$ we see that $B_1C_1LK$ is an isosceles trapezoid whose diagonals intersect at $D$.
\[Pow(D,(B_1EC))=DB_1.DL=DC_1.DK=Pow(D,(C_1FB))\]Which completes our proof as desired.$\blacksquare$
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soryn
5311 posts
#5
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Very nice problem and very nices solutions!
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breloje17fr
35 posts
#6
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To continue, prove that the same is true when A1, B1 and C1 are the feet of the altitudes and A2, B2 and C2 are the antipodes of A, B and C on the circumcircle, and that the radical axis then is the Euler's line.
On the figure below, the red circles and the green circles corespond to the initial problem and the continuation, respectively.
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This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by breloje17fr, Sep 26, 2024, 8:34 PM
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