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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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[*]April 22nd (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Competitive Programming at AoPS (USACO).[/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Inspired by ZDSX 2025 Q845
sqing   5
N 11 minutes ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $   a,b,c>0   $ and $  a^2+b^2+c^2 +ab+bc+ca=6   $ . Prove that$$  \frac{1}{2a+bc }+ \frac{1}{2b+ca }+ \frac{1}{2c+ab }\geq 1$$
5 replies
sqing
Yesterday at 1:41 PM
sqing
11 minutes ago
Old or new
sqing   6
N 12 minutes ago by sqing
Source: ZDSX 2025 Q845
Let $   a,b,c>0   $ and $  a^2+b^2+c^2+ abc=4   $ . Prove that $$1\leq \frac{1}{2a+bc }+ \frac{1}{2b+ca }+ \frac{1}{2c+ab }\leq  \frac{1}{\sqrt{abc} }$$
6 replies
sqing
Yesterday at 4:22 AM
sqing
12 minutes ago
Interesting inequalities
sqing   7
N 14 minutes ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $   a,b>0   $ and $  a^2+b^2 +ab+a+b=5   $ . Prove that$$  \frac{1}{ a+kb }+ \frac{1}{ b+ka }+ \frac{1}{ab+k } \geq   \frac{3}{ k+1 }$$Where $k\geq 0. $
7 replies
sqing
Yesterday at 3:07 PM
sqing
14 minutes ago
Hard cyclic inequality
JK1603JK   0
33 minutes ago
Source: unknown
Prove that $$\frac{a-1}{\sqrt{b+1}}+\frac{b-1}{\sqrt{c+1}}+\frac{c-1}{\sqrt{a+1}}\ge 0,\quad \forall a,b,c>0: a+b+c=3.$$
0 replies
JK1603JK
33 minutes ago
0 replies
Inspired by old results
sqing   2
N an hour ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $ a,b\in [0,1] $ . Prove that
$$(a+b)(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{k}{b+1})\leq k+1 $$Where $ k\geq 0. $
$$(a+b-ab)(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{k}{b+1})\leq \frac{2k+1}{2} $$Where $ k\geq1. $
2 replies
sqing
2 hours ago
sqing
an hour ago
prove that any quadrilateral satisfying this inequality is a trapezoid
mqoi_KOLA   0
an hour ago
Prove that any quadrilateral satisfying this inequality is a Trapezoid/trapzium $$
|r - p| < q + s < r + p
$$where $p,r$ are lengths of parallel sides and $q,s$ are other two sides.
0 replies
mqoi_KOLA
an hour ago
0 replies
Sequence with non-positive terms
socrates   8
N 2 hours ago by ray66
Source: Baltic Way 2014, Problem 2
Let $a_0, a_1, . . . , a_N$ be real numbers satisfying $a_0 = a_N = 0$ and \[a_{i+1} - 2a_i + a_{i-1} = a^2_i\] for $i = 1, 2, . . . , N - 1.$ Prove that $a_i\leq 0$ for $i = 1, 2, . . . , N- 1.$
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socrates
Nov 11, 2014
ray66
2 hours ago
Radii Relaionship
steveshaff   0
2 hours ago
Two externally tangent circles with radii a and b are each internally tangent to a semicircle and its diameter. The two points of tangency on the semicircle and the two points of tangency on its diameter lie on a circle of radius r. Prove that r^2 = 3ab.
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steveshaff
2 hours ago
0 replies
Letters in grid
buzzychaoz   6
N 2 hours ago by de-Kirschbaum
Source: CGMO 2016 Q6
Find the greatest positive integer $m$, such that one of the $4$ letters $C,G,M,O$ can be placed in each cell of a table with $m$ rows and $8$ columns, and has the following property: For any two distinct rows in the table, there exists at most one column, such that the entries of these two rows in such a column are the same letter.
6 replies
buzzychaoz
Aug 14, 2016
de-Kirschbaum
2 hours ago
Equal pairs in continuous function
CeuAzul   16
N 2 hours ago by Ilikeminecraft
Let $f(x)$ be an continuous function defined in $\text{[0,2015]},f(0)=f(2015)$
Prove that there exists at least $2015$ pairs of $(x,y)$ such that $f(x)=f(y),x-y \in \mathbb{N^+}$
16 replies
1 viewing
CeuAzul
Aug 6, 2018
Ilikeminecraft
2 hours ago
Thanks u!
Ruji2018252   9
N 3 hours ago by sqing
Let $a^2+b^2+c^2-2a-4b-4c=7(a,b,c\in\mathbb{R})$
Find minimum $T=2a+3b+6c$
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Ruji2018252
Apr 9, 2025
sqing
3 hours ago
R+ Functional Equation
Mathdreams   7
N 3 hours ago by jasperE3
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Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R}^+ \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^+$ such that \[f(f(x)) + xf(xy) = x + f(y)\]for all positive real numbers $x$ and $y$.

(Andrew Brahms, USA)
7 replies
Mathdreams
Yesterday at 1:27 PM
jasperE3
3 hours ago
Incenter and midpoint geom
sarjinius   88
N 3 hours ago by LHE96
Source: 2024 IMO Problem 4
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB < AC < BC$. Let the incenter and incircle of triangle $ABC$ be $I$ and $\omega$, respectively. Let $X$ be the point on line $BC$ different from $C$ such that the line through $X$ parallel to $AC$ is tangent to $\omega$. Similarly, let $Y$ be the point on line $BC$ different from $B$ such that the line through $Y$ parallel to $AB$ is tangent to $\omega$. Let $AI$ intersect the circumcircle of triangle $ABC$ at $P \ne A$. Let $K$ and $L$ be the midpoints of $AC$ and $AB$, respectively.
Prove that $\angle KIL + \angle YPX = 180^{\circ}$.

Proposed by Dominik Burek, Poland
88 replies
sarjinius
Jul 17, 2024
LHE96
3 hours ago
ineq.trig.
wer   19
N 3 hours ago by mpcnotnpc
If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle, show that: $\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}+\frac{r}{R}\le2$
19 replies
wer
Jul 5, 2014
mpcnotnpc
3 hours ago
A,B', C'; A',B, C'; A',B', C are collinear (IMO SL 1987-P12)
Amir Hossein   10
N Jan 9, 2024 by Saucepan_man02
Given a nonequilateral triangle $ABC$, the vertices listed counterclockwise, find the locus of the centroids of the equilateral triangles $A'B'C'$ (the vertices listed counterclockwise) for which the triples of points $A,B', C'; A',B, C';$ and $A',B', C$ are collinear.

Proposed by Poland.
10 replies
Amir Hossein
Aug 19, 2010
Saucepan_man02
Jan 9, 2024
A,B', C'; A',B, C'; A',B', C are collinear (IMO SL 1987-P12)
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Amir Hossein
5452 posts
#1 • 2 Y
Y by wiseman, Adventure10
Given a nonequilateral triangle $ABC$, the vertices listed counterclockwise, find the locus of the centroids of the equilateral triangles $A'B'C'$ (the vertices listed counterclockwise) for which the triples of points $A,B', C'; A',B, C';$ and $A',B', C$ are collinear.

Proposed by Poland.
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Luis González
4147 posts
#2 • 4 Y
Y by Arab, Adventure10, Mango247, MS_asdfgzxcvb
Fixed circumcircles $(X),(Y),(Z)$ of $\triangle A'BC , \triangle C'AB , \triangle B'CA$ meet at the Miquel point of $\triangle A'B'C' \cup ABC,$ i.e. the 1st Fermat point $F$ of $\triangle ABC.$ Let $T$ be the midpoint of $B'C',$ running on midcircle $(K)$ of $(Y),(Z),$ and let $L$ be the 2nd intersection of $A'T$ with $(X);$ midpoint of its arc $BFC.$ Since $AF$ bisects $\angle BFC,$ it follows that $FL$ is the external bisector of $\angle BFC$ $\Longrightarrow$ $\angle AFL=90^{\circ}$ $\Longrightarrow$ $L \in (K).$

Let $G$ and $U$ be the centroids of $\triangle ABC$ and $\triangle A'B'C'.$ Since $G$ is also the centroid of $\triangle XYZ,$ then $\frac{_{\overline{GX}}}{^{\overline{GK}}}=-2 \ (*).$ But $\frac{_{\overline{UA'} \cdot \overline{UL}}}{^{\overline{UL} \cdot \overline{UT}}}=-2$ $\Longrightarrow$ powers of $U$ WRT circles $(X),(K)$ are in the same ratio $\Longrightarrow$ $U$ is on circle $\Omega$ coaxal with $(X),(K),$ but from $(*)$ we deduce that $G$ is the center of $\Omega.$ Therefore, locus of $U$ is the circle $\Omega$ centered at the centroid $G$ of $\triangle ABC$ and passing through its 1st Fermat point $F.$
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skytin
418 posts
#3 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Hint :
take midpoints of arc's AB , BC , CA of (ABC') , (BCA') , (CAB')
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Luis González
4147 posts
#4 • 3 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247, MS_asdfgzxcvb
Another proof, following skytin's idea:

Circumcircles $(X),(Y),(Z)$ of $\triangle A'BC,$ $\triangle B'CA$ and $\triangle C'AB$ concur at the Fermat point $F$ of $\triangle ABC.$ Since $U$ is the incenter of $\triangle A'B'C',$ then $UA',UB',UC'$ cut $(X),(Y),(Z)$ again at the midpoints $A_0,B_0,C_0$ of its arcs $FBC,FCA,FAB,$ these are none other than the reflections of $X,Y,Z$ on $BC,CA,AB.$ Thus $\triangle A_0B_0C_0$ is the inner equilateral Napoleon triangle of $\triangle ABC,$ whose center is the centroid $G$ of $\triangle ABC.$ Its circumcircle passes through $F$ and $U,$ since $\angle (FC_0,FB_0)=60^{\circ}$ and $\angle (UC_0,UB_0)=60^{\circ}$ $\pmod\pi.$ The conclusion follows.
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wiseman
216 posts
#5 • 3 Y
Y by GammaBetaAlpha, Adventure10, Mango247
A more generalized decision: Let $K$ be an arbitrary point in the plane.Draw circles $\odot(BKC),\odot(CKA),\odot(AKB)$. We'll prove that the locus of the centroid $G$ of triangles like $\triangle{MNP}$ such that $P \in \odot(BKC),N \in \odot(CKA),M \in \odot(AKB)$ and $MN,MP,NP$ passes through $A,B,C$ respectively, is a circle centered at the centroid $L$ of triangle $\triangle{A'B'C'}$ passing through $K$ where $A',B',C'$ are the circumcircles of $\odot(BKC),\odot(CKA),\odot(AKB)$ respectively.

$\rightarrow \vec{LG} = \frac{1}{3}.(\vec{MC'}+\vec{NB'}+\vec{PA'})$.
$\rightarrow$ Now let $M$ traverses a distance equal to $\alpha$ on the perimeter of $\odot(AKB)$ and makes the point $M'$ ($\widehat{M'C'M}=2\alpha$). WLOG suppose the movement is clockwise; Then if we call the intersection points of $M'A$ and $M'B$ with $\odot(CKA)$ and $\odot(BKC)$ as $N',P'$ respectively, we obviously have $\widehat{M'C'M}=\widehat{N'B'N}=\widehat{P'A'P}=2\alpha \Rightarrow$ If $G'$ be the centroid of $\triangle{M'N'P'}$ then $\vec{GG'}$ is the rotatated vector of $\vec{LG}$ with angle $2\alpha$(Note that $N'$ and $P'$ are also traversing clockwise). So the length of $\vec{LG}$ is constant $\Longrightarrow$ The locus of $G$ is a circle centered at the centroid $L$ of triangle $\triangle{A'B'C'}$ passing through $K \blacksquare$.
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TelvCohl
2312 posts
#6 • 6 Y
Y by wiseman, GammaBetaAlpha, Adventure10, Mango247, MS_asdfgzxcvb, and 1 other user
wiseman wrote:
A more generalized decision: Let $K$ be an arbitrary point in the plane.Draw circles $\odot(BKC),\odot(CKA),\odot(AKB)$. We'll prove that the locus of the centroid $G$ of triangles like $\triangle{MNP}$ such that $P \in \odot(BKC),N \in \odot(CKA),M \in \odot(AKB)$ and $MN,MP,NP$ passes through $A,B,C$ respectively, is a circle centered at the centroid $L$ of triangle $\triangle{A'B'C'}$ passing through $K$ where $A',B',C'$ are the circumcircles of $\odot(BKC),\odot(CKA),\odot(AKB)$ respectively.
Another proof of wiseman's generalization:

Let $ P', N', M' $ be the midpoint of $ NM, MP, PN $, respectively .
Let $ \triangle A_1B_1C_1 $ be the anti-pedal triangle of $ K $ WRT $ \triangle ABC $ .
Let $ G_1 $ be the centroid of $ \triangle A_1B_1C_1 $ .

Easy to see $ A', B', C' $ is the midpoint of $ KA_1, KB_1, KC_1 $, respectively .

Since all $ \triangle PNM $ are similar,
so $ PP' $ pass through a fixed point $ P_1 \in \odot (KBC) $ .
Similarly, $ NN', MM' $ pass through a fixed point $ N_1 \in \odot (KCA), M_1 \in \odot (KAB) $, respectively .

Since $ PP', NN', MM' $ are concurrent at $ G $,
so we get $ G, K, P_1, N_1, M_1 $ are concyclic .
ie. the locus of $ G $ is a circle $ \mathcal{C} $ passing through $ K $

Consider the case $ P \equiv A_1, N \equiv B_1, M \equiv C_1 $ .

Since $ KA_1 $ is the diameter of $ \odot (KBC) $ ,
so we get $ P_1 $ is the projection of $ K $ on $ A_1G_1 $ .
Similarly, $ N_1, M_1 $ is the projection of $ K $ on $ B_1G_1, C_1G_1 $, respectively ,
so we get $ KG_1 $ is the diameter of $ \mathcal{C} $ . ie. $ L $ is the center of $ \mathcal{C} $

Q.E.D
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Luis González
4147 posts
#7 • 4 Y
Y by wiseman, Arab, JasperL, Adventure10
Even more general, all points $U$ that verify $\triangle MNP \cup U \sim \triangle A'B'C' \cup U'$ orbit on a circle with center $U'$ that passes through $K.$ My proof is exactly the same what I did in my 1st post.

If $MU$ cuts $PN$ at $D$ and cuts $\odot(KBC)$ again at $M',$ we have $\angle KM'M=\angle KCM=\angle KAN$ $\Longrightarrow$ $M' \in \odot(KAD).$ Powers of $D$ WRT $\odot(KCA),\odot(KAB)$ are in constant ratio $\overline{DN}:\overline{DP}$ $\Longrightarrow$ center of $\odot(KAD)$ is the intersection $D' \equiv A'U' \cap B'C'$ that verifies $\overline{D'B'}:\overline{D'C'}=\overline{DN}:\overline{DP}.$ Now, powers of $U$ WRT $\odot(KBC)$ and $\odot(KAD)$ are in constant ratio $\overline{UM}:\overline{UD}$ $\Longrightarrow$ locus of $U$ is a circle centered at $U' \in A'D',$ because $\overline{U'A'}:\overline{U'D'}=\overline{UM}:\overline{UD},$ and passing through $K,M'.$

P.S. Telv's method also works in this general configuration.
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khanhnx
1618 posts
#8 • 3 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247, MS_asdfgzxcvb
Here is my solution for this problem
Solution
Let $F_1$ be first Fermat point of $\triangle$ $ABC$; $I$ be centroid of $\triangle$ $A'B'C'$; $M$ $\equiv$ $IA'$ $\cap$ ($BCA'$), $N$ $\equiv$ $IB'$ $\cap$ ($CAB'$), $P$ $\equiv$ $IC'$ $\cap$ ($ABC'$) ($M$ $\ne$ $A'$, $N$ $\ne$ $B'$, $P$ $\ne$ $C'$)
Then: $M$, $N$, $P$ are midpoint of $\stackrel\frown{BC}$, $\stackrel\frown{CA}$, $\stackrel\frown{AB}$ of ($BCA'$), ($CAB'$), ($ABC'$) in $\triangle$ $ABC$ and it's easy to see that $M$, $N$, $P$ are fixed
We have: ($F_1M$ ; $F_1P$) $\equiv$ ($F_1M$ ; $F_1B$) + ($F_1B$ ; $F_1P$) $\equiv$ $\dfrac{5 \pi}{6}$ + $\dfrac{5 \pi}{6}$ $\equiv$ $\dfrac{\pi}{3}$ $\equiv$ ($IM$ ; $IP$) (mod $\pi$)
So: $F_1$, $I$, $M$, $P$ lie on a circle
Similarly: $F_1$, $N$, $I$, $P$ lie on a circle
Hence: $F_1$, $N$, $I$, $M$, $P$ lie on a circle or $E$ $\in$ ($INMP$) which is fixed circle
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Saucepan_man02
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#9 • 3 Y
Y by FIREDRAGONMATH16, CoolJupiter, Sreepranad
One of the nice problems involving geometric constructions...!
This post has been edited 3 times. Last edited by Saucepan_man02, Jan 9, 2024, 6:13 AM
Reason: Edit
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samrocksnature
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#10
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The locus is also known as the Inner Napoleon Circle

“History is a set of lies agreed upon.”
― Napoleon Bonaparte
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Saucepan_man02
1308 posts
#11 • 1 Y
Y by Sreepranad
Here is the proof:

Construction of the Locus:
Let $P$ be the Torricelli-Point of $\triangle ABC$. Then, let $K, L, M$ denote the midpoints of arcs $BC, CA, AB$ of circles $(BPC), (CPA), (APB)$ respectively. Then, we claim that the locus $\L$ of all the possible centroids of $\triangle A'B'C'$ is all the points on $(KLM)$ except point $P$.

Claim: The centroid of every such $\triangle A'B'C'$ lies on $\L$.
Proof: Let $G$ denote the centroid of $\triangle A'B'C'$. Then, notice that: $A'K, B'L, C'M$ meet at $G$. Hence, $\measuredangle A'GF = \measuredangle KGL = 60^\circ$.


Claim: For every point on $\L$, there is an equilateral triangle $\triangle A'B'C'$.
Proof: Let $J$ be a point on $\L$. Then, extend lines $JK, JL, JM$ and let it intersect $(BPC), (CPA), (APB)$ at $A', B', C'$ respectively. We will prove that $A', C, B'$ are collinear, from which it follows that $\triangle A'B'C'$ is equilateral by symmetry.

Notice that, $\measuredangle GA'C = \measuredangle GB'A = 30^\circ$ and $\measuredangle A'GB' = 120^\circ$. Hence, we must have $\measuredangle A'CB' = 180^\circ$ which implies $A', C, B$ are collinear. Therefore, $\triangle A'B'C'$ is equilateral.


Hence proved.
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