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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
\frac{1}{5-2a}
Havu   1
N 2 hours ago by Havu
Let $a,b,c \ge \frac{1}{2}$ and $a^2+b^2+c^2=3$. Find minimum:
\[P=\frac{1}{5-2a}+\frac{1}{5-2b}+\frac{1}{5-2c}.\]
1 reply
Havu
Yesterday at 9:56 AM
Havu
2 hours ago
<DPA+ <AQD =< QIP wanted, incircle circumcircle related
parmenides51   41
N 2 hours ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: IMo 2019 SL G6
Let $I$ be the incentre of acute-angled triangle $ABC$. Let the incircle meet $BC, CA$, and $AB$ at $D, E$, and $F,$ respectively. Let line $EF$ intersect the circumcircle of the triangle at $P$ and $Q$, such that $F$ lies between $E$ and $P$. Prove that $\angle DPA + \angle AQD =\angle QIP$.

(Slovakia)
41 replies
parmenides51
Sep 22, 2020
Ilikeminecraft
2 hours ago
Pretty hard functional equation
vralex   5
N 2 hours ago by jasperE3
Source: National MO, 9th grade
Find all injective functions $ f:\mathbb{Z} \rightarrow \mathbb{Z} $ so that for every $n$ in $\mathbb{Z} ,  f (f (n))-f(n)-1=0$.
5 replies
vralex
Apr 29, 2020
jasperE3
2 hours ago
Parallelity and equal angles given, wanted an angle equality
BarisKoyuncu   5
N 3 hours ago by SleepyGirraffe
Source: 2022 Turkey JBMO TST P4
Given a convex quadrilateral $ABCD$ such that $m(\widehat{ABC})=m(\widehat{BCD})$. The lines $AD$ and $BC$ intersect at a point $P$ and the line passing through $P$ which is parallel to $AB$, intersects $BD$ at $T$. Prove that
$$m(\widehat{ACB})=m(\widehat{PCT})$$
5 replies
1 viewing
BarisKoyuncu
Mar 15, 2022
SleepyGirraffe
3 hours ago
Cyclic points and concurrency [1st Lemoine circle]
shobber   10
N 4 hours ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: China TST 2005
Let $\omega$ be the circumcircle of acute triangle $ABC$. Two tangents of $\omega$ from $B$ and $C$ intersect at $P$, $AP$ and $BC$ intersect at $D$. Point $E$, $F$ are on $AC$ and $AB$ such that $DE \parallel BA$ and $DF \parallel CA$.
(1) Prove that $F,B,C,E$ are concyclic.

(2) Denote $A_{1}$ the centre of the circle passing through $F,B,C,E$. $B_{1}$, $C_{1}$ are difined similarly. Prove that $AA_{1}$, $BB_{1}$, $CC_{1}$ are concurrent.
10 replies
shobber
Jun 27, 2006
Ilikeminecraft
4 hours ago
Hard functional equation
Jessey   4
N 4 hours ago by jasperE3
Source: Belarus 2005
Find all functions $f:N -$> $N$ that satisfy $f(m-n+f(n)) = f(m)+f(n)$, for all $m, n$$N$.
4 replies
Jessey
Mar 11, 2020
jasperE3
4 hours ago
Vertices of a convex polygon if and only if m(S) = f(n)
orl   12
N 4 hours ago by Maximilian113
Source: IMO Shortlist 2000, C3
Let $ n \geq 4$ be a fixed positive integer. Given a set $ S = \{P_1, P_2, \ldots, P_n\}$ of $ n$ points in the plane such that no three are collinear and no four concyclic, let $ a_t,$ $ 1 \leq t \leq n,$ be the number of circles $ P_iP_jP_k$ that contain $ P_t$ in their interior, and let \[m(S)=a_1+a_2+\cdots + a_n.\]Prove that there exists a positive integer $ f(n),$ depending only on $ n,$ such that the points of $ S$ are the vertices of a convex polygon if and only if $ m(S) = f(n).$
12 replies
orl
Aug 10, 2008
Maximilian113
4 hours ago
Imo Shortlist Problem
Lopes   35
N 4 hours ago by Maximilian113
Source: IMO Shortlist 2000, Problem N4
Find all triplets of positive integers $ (a,m,n)$ such that $ a^m + 1 \mid (a + 1)^n$.
35 replies
Lopes
Feb 27, 2005
Maximilian113
4 hours ago
Inspired by Humberto_Filho
sqing   0
5 hours ago
Source: Own
Let $ a,b\geq 0 $ and $a + b \leq 2$. Prove that
$$\frac{a^2+1}{(( a+ b)^2+1)^2} \geq  \frac{1}{25} $$$$\frac{(a^2+1)(b^2+1)}{((a+b)^2+1)^2} \geq  \frac{4}{25} $$$$ \frac{a^2+1}{(( a+ 2b)^2+1)^2} \geq  \frac{1}{289} $$$$ \frac{a^2+1}{((2a+ b)^2+1)^2} \geq  \frac{5}{289} $$


0 replies
sqing
5 hours ago
0 replies
Inequalities
Scientist10   2
N 5 hours ago by arqady
If $x, y, z \in \mathbb{R}$, then prove that the following inequality holds:
\[
\sum_{\text{cyc}} \sqrt{1 + \left(x\sqrt{1 + y^2} + y\sqrt{1 + x^2}\right)^2} \geq \sum_{\text{cyc}} xy + 2\sum_{\text{cyc}} x
\]
2 replies
Scientist10
Yesterday at 6:36 PM
arqady
5 hours ago
$n$ with $2000$ divisors divides $2^n+1$ (IMO 2000)
Valentin Vornicu   65
N 5 hours ago by ray66
Source: IMO 2000, Problem 5, IMO Shortlist 2000, Problem N3
Does there exist a positive integer $ n$ such that $ n$ has exactly 2000 prime divisors and $ n$ divides $ 2^n + 1$?
65 replies
Valentin Vornicu
Oct 24, 2005
ray66
5 hours ago
Find the smallest of sum of elements
hlminh   0
5 hours ago
Let $S=\{1,2,...,2014\}$ and $X=\{a_1,a_2,...,a_{30}\}$ is a subset of $S$ such that if $a,b\in X,a+b\leq 2014$ then $a+b\in X.$ Find the smallest of $\dfrac{a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_{30}}{30}.$
0 replies
hlminh
5 hours ago
0 replies
Easy IMO 2023 NT
799786   133
N 5 hours ago by Maximilian113
Source: IMO 2023 P1
Determine all composite integers $n>1$ that satisfy the following property: if $d_1$, $d_2$, $\ldots$, $d_k$ are all the positive divisors of $n$ with $1 = d_1 < d_2 < \cdots < d_k = n$, then $d_i$ divides $d_{i+1} + d_{i+2}$ for every $1 \leq i \leq k - 2$.
133 replies
799786
Jul 8, 2023
Maximilian113
5 hours ago
Complicated FE
XAN4   2
N 5 hours ago by cazanova19921
Source: own
Find all solutions for the functional equation $f(xyz)+\sum_{cyc}f(\frac{yz}x)=f(x)\cdot f(y)\cdot f(z)$, in which $f$: $\mathbb R^+\rightarrow\mathbb R^+$
Note: the solution is actually quite obvious - $f(x)=x^n+\frac1{x^n}$, but the proof is important.
Note 2: it is likely that the result can be generalized into a more advanced questions, potentially involving more bash.
2 replies
XAN4
Yesterday at 11:53 AM
cazanova19921
5 hours ago
Tangency point of mixtilinear incircle is isogonal to...
v_Enhance   48
N Jan 23, 2025 by zaidova
Source: European Girl's MO 2013, Problem 5
Let $\Omega$ be the circumcircle of the triangle $ABC$. The circle $\omega$ is tangent to the sides $AC$ and $BC$, and it is internally tangent to the circle $\Omega$ at the point $P$. A line parallel to $AB$ intersecting the interior of triangle $ABC$ is tangent to $\omega$ at $Q$.

Prove that $\angle ACP = \angle QCB$.
48 replies
v_Enhance
Apr 11, 2013
zaidova
Jan 23, 2025
Tangency point of mixtilinear incircle is isogonal to...
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: European Girl's MO 2013, Problem 5
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JAnatolGT_00
559 posts
#37
Y by
Let $\omega',$$R,$ $X$ be the incircle of $\triangle ABC,$ the touch-point of $C-\text{excircle}$ with $AB$ and the center of positive homothety $\omega'\mapsto \Omega$ respectively. By the homothety wrt $C$ and three homothety centers theorem $R\in CQ,$ $X\in AP$. Hence $$\angle ACP=\angle ACX=\angle RCB=\angle QCB.$$
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Mahdi_Mashayekhi
694 posts
#38
Y by
$\omega$ is a mixtilinear circle. Let $I$ be incenter of $ABC$ and $T$ be midpoint of arc $ACB$ and $T'$ be midpoint of $AB$. It's known that $P,I,T$ are collinear. Let $PC$ meet $\omega$ at $C'$. Note that we just need to prove $\angle C'CT' = \angle QCT'$. Note that $CI$ passes through $O'$ center of $\omega$ so we need to prove $C'Q \perp CI$. Note that $\Omega$ and $\omega$ are tangent and tangent at $T$ to $\Omega$ is parallel with $AB$ so $P,Q,T$ are collinear so $C'Q || CT$ which $CT \perp CT'$.
we're Done.
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Awesome_guy
862 posts
#39
Y by
Invert about the circle centered at $C$ with twice the radius of $\Omega$. Since $\triangle ABC\sim \triangle A^*B^*C$ and $P^*$ is the $C$-excircle touchpoint of $\triangle A^*B^*C$ (since $\Omega$ maps to $A^*B^*$), we are immediately done. $\blacksquare$
This post has been edited 4 times. Last edited by Awesome_guy, Mar 12, 2023, 4:13 PM
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john0512
4184 posts
#40
Y by
We are trying to show that $CQ$ and $CP$ are isogonal. Note that if $CQ$ is extended to hit $AB$, it will hit it at the excircle touchpoint by a homothety around $C$.

Perform a $\sqrt{ab}$ inversion about $C$. For any point $S$, let $S*$ denote its image. Then, $\omega$ gets sent to the C-excircle. Furthemore, $\Omega$ just becomes line $A*B*$, and since they remain tangent, $P*$ is the excircle touchpoint in triangle $\triangle CA*B*$. Thus, this implies $CQ$ and $CP$ are isogonal and we are done.
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by john0512, Apr 29, 2023, 6:23 AM
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cinnamon_e
701 posts
#41
Y by
partial sol
Does anyone know how to proceed?

EDIT: nvmd my diagram was inconsistent with the problem but the solution's still there :P
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by cinnamon_e, May 6, 2023, 7:31 PM
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IAmTheHazard
5001 posts
#42 • 1 Y
Y by centslordm
Rewrite the problem to be $A$-indexed. A homothety sending $\omega$ to the $A$-excircle also sends $Q$ to $D$, the $A$-extouch point. I claim that $P$ and $D$ are swapped under $\sqrt{bc}$ inversion. Indeed, this inversion swaps $\overline{BC}$ and $(ABC)$, so it is clear that $\omega$ gets sent to some circle on the other side of $\overline{BC}$ as $A$ tangent to $\overline{AB},\overline{AC},\overline{BC}$, i.e. the $A$-excircle, and $P$ gets sent to $D$ as desired. $\blacksquare$
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HamstPan38825
8857 posts
#43
Y by
$A$-index the problem, and let $E$ be the excentral touchpoint, which obviously lies on $\overline{AQ}$.

Consider the $\sqrt{bc}$ inversion that sends $\omega$ to the $A$-excircle. As this swaps $\overline{BC}$ and $(ABC)$, $P$ and $E$ are swapped, implying desired isogonality.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by HamstPan38825, Aug 16, 2023, 8:03 PM
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rafigamath
57 posts
#44
Y by
This is basically EGMO lemma 4.40.
Let the line parallel to $AB$ and tangent to $\omega$ intersect with $AC,BC$ at $X1,Y1$ and let the touch points of $AC,BC$ with $\omega$ be $X,Y$. $CQ\cap AB=Q1$. Note that the incenters and excenters of $\triangle CX1Y1$ and $\triangle ABC$ are collinear,and from similarity we can easily get that $Q1$ is,indeed,the touch point of $C-excircle$ in $\triangle ABC$.This concludes our solution.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by rafigamath, Oct 11, 2023, 9:21 AM
Reason: .
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shendrew7
794 posts
#45
Y by
Label the touch points to $AB$, $AC$, and $(ABC)$ as $K$, $L$, and $T$, and the midpoints of arcs $AB$ and $AC$ as $X$ and $Y$. Homothety tells us $TKX$ and $TLY$ collinear. Pascal on $BACXTY$ then tells us that $KIL$ collinear, and noting $\triangle AKI \cong \triangle ALI$ implies $IK = IL$.

Thus $TI$ and $TA$ are a median and symmedian, respectively, of $\triangle TKL$, so $\angle KTA = \angle ITL = \frac C2$. As a result, it's clear that $TI$ will pass through the top point of $(ABC)$, and hence will also pass through the top point of the mixtilinear incircle.

Suppose $TA$ and $TI$ meet the mixtilinear incircle at $E$ and $F$. Then $\triangle AKE \cong \triangle ALF$, giving the desired. $\blacksquare$
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CrazyInMath
446 posts
#46
Y by
The problem is a little bit strange in it's direction, let's spin it.
2013 EGMO P5 wrote:
Let $\Omega$ be the circumcircle of the triangle $ABC$. The circle $\omega$ is tangent to the sides $AB$ and $AC$, and it is internally tangent to the circle $\Omega$ at the point $P$. A line parallel to $BC$ intersecting the interior of triangle $ABC$ is tangent to $\omega$ at $Q$.

Prove that $\angle PAB = \angle QAC$.

Now let's get to the solving.
Invert wrt $A$, with radius $\sqrt{bc}$, followed by a reflection through $AI$. Let the point $X$ be sent to $X'$.
Now the mixtilinear incircle become the $A$-excircle. So $P'$ would be the foot from $I_A$ to $BC$. So $AP'$ passes through $Na$, which means $AP$ passes the triangle center $X_{56}$, or $Na^*$.

Let the tangent of $\omega$ parallel to $BC$ intersects $AB, AC$ at $F, E$ respectively. Now consider a homothety centered at $A$, sending $F$ to $B$ and $E$ to $C$. We know that $\omega$ is the $A$-excircle of $AEF$, so $Q$ would be sent to $P'$. This means $AQ$ passes thorugh $Na$, with $AP$ passes through $Na^*$, which is the isogonal conjugate of $Na$, we're done.
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MagicalToaster53
159 posts
#47
Y by
Consider the $C$-excircle meeting $\overline{AB}$ at point $Q'$. Now observe that $C, Q, Q'$ are collinear due to the homothety at $C$ sending the line tangent to $\omega$ to $\overline{AB}$.

Consider now an inversion $\Psi$, at $C$ with radius $\sqrt{ab}$ followed by a reflection over the angle bisector of $\angle ACB$. Notice that the image of the $C$-excircle remains a circle under $\Psi$ and simultaneously remains tangent to $\overline{CA}$ and $\overline{CB}$. Also the image of this excircle meets $\Psi(AB)$ at one point. Hence $\Psi(Q') = P$, as $\Psi(Q')$ must lie on a circle tangent to both $\overline{CA}, \overline{CB}$ and to $(ABC)$. Therefore \[\angle ACP = \angle Q'CB = \angle QCB, \]as desired. $\blacksquare$
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dolphinday
1325 posts
#48
Y by
Shift $\triangle ABC \to \triangle CBA$.
Let $\Gamma$ be the $A$-excircle. By a homothety sending $\Gamma \to \omega$ we get that $\angle BAQ = BAD$ where $BC \cap \Gamma$.
Then apply force-overlaid inversion on $\triangle ABC$.
Since $\Gamma$ is tangent to $BC$, $\Gamma^\ast$ is tangent to $BC^\ast = \Omega$ and $\Gamma^\ast$ is tangent to $AB$ and $AC \implies \Gamma^\ast = \omega$, which finishes as $D^\ast = P$.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by dolphinday, Jul 3, 2024, 12:52 AM
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AshAuktober
993 posts
#49 • 1 Y
Y by GeoKing
Well well well.
Proof sketch
Step 1: rtbc invert.
Step 2: homothety at A
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SAMEASAW
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#50 • 2 Y
Y by akliu, thoomgus
We wish to show that $CP$ and $CQ$ are isogonal, or that they are mapped to each other under reflection over the angle bisector.

Let the tangents of $\omega$ to $BC$ and $AC$ be $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Let the circle centered at $C$ with radius $CX=CY$, denoted $\Gamma$.

Consider the inversion around $\Gamma$, where $A^*$ denotes the image of $A$.
$\omega$ is fixed, due to its tangency to $AC$ and $BC$ making it orthogonal to $\Gamma$. Then, $\Omega$ is sent to a line $A^*B^*$ which is antiparallel to $AB$ with respect to $AC$ and $BC$. $A^*B^*$ is also still tangent to $\omega$ at $P^*$. After reflecting over the angle bisector, $A^*B^*$ is then parallel to $AB$ and tangent to $\omega$, which is the definition of $Q$, so inverting back finishes.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by SAMEASAW, Aug 20, 2024, 3:45 AM
Reason: type error
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zaidova
86 posts
#51 • 1 Y
Y by MuradSafarli
Firstly, we can prove this problem for 2 steps;
$1)$ Let $D$ be the point that $C-excircle$ is tangent to $AB$. Then prove $C,Q,D$ are collinear (It's done with homothety)
$2)$ Then prove that $CD$, $CP$ are isogonal conjugates -Inversion from $C$ with radius $\sqrt{CA*CB}$ around $C$ angle bisector. Let that map be $\Psi$. Then it swaps $C-excircle$ with the $C-mixtillinear$ $incircle$. From there we get; $\angle BCQ=$$\angle ACP$ ==> they are isogonal conjugates, so we are done.
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