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k a May Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
May 1, 2025
May is an exciting month! National MATHCOUNTS is the second week of May in Washington D.C. and our Founder, Richard Rusczyk will be presenting a seminar, Preparing Strong Math Students for College and Careers, on May 11th.

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0 replies
jlacosta
May 1, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Concurrency from isogonal Mittenpunkt configuration
MarkBcc168   17
N 23 minutes ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: Fake USAMO 2020 P3
Let $\triangle ABC$ be a scalene triangle with circumcenter $O$, incenter $I$, and incircle $\omega$. Let $\omega$ touch the sides $\overline{BC}$, $\overline{CA}$, and $\overline{AB}$ at points $D$, $E$, and $F$ respectively. Let $T$ be the projection of $D$ to $\overline{EF}$. The line $AT$ intersects the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$ again at point $X\ne A$. The circumcircles of $\triangle AEX$ and $\triangle AFX$ intersect $\omega$ again at points $P\ne E$ and $Q\ne F$ respectively. Prove that the lines $EQ$, $FP$, and $OI$ are concurrent.

Proposed by MarkBcc168.
17 replies
MarkBcc168
Apr 28, 2020
Ilikeminecraft
23 minutes ago
Inequality with a,b,c
GeoMorocco   7
N 40 minutes ago by lele0305
Source: Morocco Training
Let $   a,b,c   $ be positive real numbers such that : $   ab+bc+ca=3   $ . Prove that : $$\frac{\sqrt{1+a^2}}{1+ab}+\frac{\sqrt{1+b^2}}{1+bc}+\frac{\sqrt{1+c^2}}{1+ca}\ge \sqrt{\frac{3(a+b+c)}{2}}$$
7 replies
GeoMorocco
Apr 11, 2025
lele0305
40 minutes ago
Property of the divisors of k^3 - 2
Scilyse   2
N 2 hours ago by Assassino9931
Source: KoMaL A. 892
Given two integers, $k$ and $d$ such that $d$ divides $k^3 - 2$. Show that there exists integers $a$, $b$, $c$ satisfying $d = a^3 + 2b^3 + 4c^3 - 6abc$.

Proposed by Csongor Beke and László Bence Simon, Cambridge
2 replies
Scilyse
Jan 13, 2025
Assassino9931
2 hours ago
Centroid, altitudes and medians, and concyclic points
BR1F1SZ   1
N 2 hours ago by sami1618
Source: Austria National MO Part 1 Problem 2
Let $\triangle{ABC}$ be an acute triangle with $BC > AC$. Let $S$ be the centroid of triangle $ABC$ and let $F$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $C$ to side $AB$. The median $CS$ intersects the circumcircle $\gamma$ of triangle $\triangle{ABC}$ at a second point $P$. Let $M$ be the point where $CS$ intersects $AB$. The line $SF$ intersects the circle $\gamma$ at a point $Q$, such that $F$ lies between $S$ and $Q$. Prove that the points $M,P,Q$ and $F$ lie on a circle.

(Karl Czakler)
1 reply
BR1F1SZ
3 hours ago
sami1618
2 hours ago
Something nice
KhuongTrang   31
N 2 hours ago by NguyenVanHoa29
Source: own
Problem. Given $a,b,c$ be non-negative real numbers such that $ab+bc+ca=1.$ Prove that

$$\sqrt{a+1}+\sqrt{b+1}+\sqrt{c+1}\le 1+2\sqrt{a+b+c+abc}.$$
31 replies
KhuongTrang
Nov 1, 2023
NguyenVanHoa29
2 hours ago
Nordic 2025 P3
anirbanbz   8
N 2 hours ago by lksb
Source: Nordic 2025
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with orthocenter $H$ and circumcenter $O$. Let $E$ and $F$ be points on the line segments $AC$ and $AB$ respectively such that $AEHF$ is a parallelogram. Prove that $\vert OE \vert = \vert OF \vert$.
8 replies
anirbanbz
Mar 25, 2025
lksb
2 hours ago
another functional inequality?
Scilyse   32
N 2 hours ago by ihategeo_1969
Source: 2023 ISL A4
Let $\mathbb R_{>0}$ be the set of positive real numbers. Determine all functions $f \colon \mathbb R_{>0} \to \mathbb R_{>0}$ such that \[x \big(f(x) + f(y)\big) \geqslant \big(f(f(x)) + y\big) f(y)\]for every $x, y \in \mathbb R_{>0}$.
32 replies
Scilyse
Jul 17, 2024
ihategeo_1969
2 hours ago
Mount Inequality erupts in all directions!
BR1F1SZ   1
N 2 hours ago by sami1618
Source: Austria National MO Part 1 Problem 1
Let $a$, $b$ and $c$ be pairwise distinct nonnegative real numbers. Prove that
\[
(a + b + c) \left( \frac{a}{(b - c)^2} + \frac{b}{(c - a)^2} + \frac{c}{(a - b)^2} \right) > 4.
\](Karl Czakler)
1 reply
BR1F1SZ
3 hours ago
sami1618
2 hours ago
Division involving difference of squares
BR1F1SZ   1
N 3 hours ago by grupyorum
Source: Austria National MO Part 1 Problem 4
Determine all integers $n$ that can be written in the form
\[
n = \frac{a^2 - b^2}{b},
\]where $a$ and $b$ are positive integers.

(Walther Janous)
1 reply
BR1F1SZ
3 hours ago
grupyorum
3 hours ago
Erasing the difference of two numbers
BR1F1SZ   0
3 hours ago
Source: Austria National MO Part 1 Problem 3
Consider the following game for a positive integer $n$. Initially, the numbers $1, 2, \ldots, n$ are written on a board. In each move, two numbers are selected such that their difference is also present on the board. This difference is then erased from the board. (For example, if the numbers $3,6,11$ and $17$ are on the board, then $3$ can be erased as $6 - 3=3$, or $6$ as $17 - 11=6$, or $11$ as $17 - 6=11$.)

For which values of $n$ is it possible to end with only one number remaining on the board?

(Michael Reitmeir)
0 replies
BR1F1SZ
3 hours ago
0 replies
4 wise men and 100 hats. 3 must guess their numbers
NO_SQUARES   2
N 3 hours ago by NO_SQUARES
Source: 239 MO 2025 10-11 p5
There are four wise men in a row, each sees only those following him in the row, i.e. the $1$st sees the other three, the $2$nd sees the $3$rd and $4$th, and the $3$rd sees only the $4$th. The devil has $100$ hats, numbered from $1$ to $100$, he puts one hat on each wise man, and hides the extra $96$ hats. After that, each wise man (in turn: first the first, then the second, etc.) loudly calls a number, trying to guess the number of his hat. The numbers mentioned should not be repeated. When all the wise men have spoken, they take off their hats and check which one of them has guessed. Can the sages to act in such a way that at least three of them knowingly guessed?
2 replies
NO_SQUARES
Yesterday at 5:44 PM
NO_SQUARES
3 hours ago
\sqrt{2-a}+\sqrt{2-b}+\sqrt{2-c}\geqslant 2+\sqrt{(2-a)(2-b)(2-c)}
NO_SQUARES   2
N 3 hours ago by ektorasmiliotis
Source: 239 MO 2025 8-9 p4
Positive numbers $a$, $b$ and $c$ are such that $a^2+b^2+c^2+abc=4$. Prove that \[\sqrt{2-a}+\sqrt{2-b}+\sqrt{2-c}\geqslant 2+\sqrt{(2-a)(2-b)(2-c)}.\]
2 replies
NO_SQUARES
Yesterday at 5:06 PM
ektorasmiliotis
3 hours ago
BMO 2024 SL A4
MuradSafarli   2
N 4 hours ago by GreekIdiot
A4.
Let \(a \geq b \geq c \geq 0\) be real numbers such that \(ab + bc + ca = 3\).
Prove that:
\[
3 + (2 - \sqrt{3}) \cdot \frac{(b-c)^2}{b+(\sqrt{3}-1)c} \leq a+b+c
\]and determine all the cases when the equality occurs.
2 replies
MuradSafarli
Apr 27, 2025
GreekIdiot
4 hours ago
Aime type Geo
ehuseyinyigit   0
4 hours ago
Source: Turkish First Round 2024
In a scalene triangle $ABC$, let $M$ be the midpoint of side $BC$. Let the line perpendicular to $AC$ at point $C$ intersect $AM$ at $N$. If $(BMN)$ is tangent to $AB$ at $B$, find $AB/MA$.
0 replies
ehuseyinyigit
4 hours ago
0 replies
Problem 4 (second day)
darij grinberg   93
N Apr 25, 2025 by Ilikeminecraft
Source: IMO 2004 Athens
Let $n \geq 3$ be an integer. Let $t_1$, $t_2$, ..., $t_n$ be positive real numbers such that \[n^2 + 1 > \left( t_1 + t_2 + \cdots + t_n \right) \left( \frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{1}{t_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{t_n} \right).\] Show that $t_i$, $t_j$, $t_k$ are side lengths of a triangle for all $i$, $j$, $k$ with $1 \leq i < j < k \leq n$.
93 replies
darij grinberg
Jul 13, 2004
Ilikeminecraft
Apr 25, 2025
Problem 4 (second day)
G H J
Source: IMO 2004 Athens
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shendrew7
794 posts
#83
Y by
We first prove the case $n=3$. Assume FTSOC we have $(t_1,t_2,t_3) = (a,b,a+b+k)$, where $k \ge 0$. Then
\begin{align*}
3^2+1 &> (t_1+t_2+t_3)\left(\frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{1}{t_2} + \frac{1}{t_3}\right) \\
&\ge 5 + \frac{t_3}{t_1} + \frac{t_3}{t_2} + \frac{t_1}{t_2} + \frac{t_1}{t_3} \\
&= 7 + \frac{c+k}{b} + \frac{b+k}{c} + \frac{b+c}{b+c+k} \\
&\ge 10 + k\left(\frac 1b + \frac 1c - \frac{1}{b+c+k}\right) \\
&\ge 10,
\end{align*}
contradiction. We now show the case $n \ge 4$. Assume again FTSOC $t_1, t_2, t_3$ do not form the sides of a triangle. Then
\begin{align*}
n^2+1 &> \left(t_1 + t_2 + \ldots + t_n\right) \left( \frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{1}{t_2} + \ldots + \frac{1}{t_n} \right) \\
&= 10 + (n-3)^2 + \left(t_1+\ldots+t_3\right)\left(\frac{1}{t_4}+\ldots+\frac{1}{t_n}\right) + \left(t_4+\ldots+t_n\right) \left(\frac{1}{t_1}+\ldots+\frac{1}{t_3}\right) \\
&\ge 10 + (n-3)^2 + 2\sqrt{10(n-3)^2} \\
&= \left(n+\sqrt{10}-3\right)^2 \\
&\ge n^2+1,
\end{align*}
contradiction. $\blacksquare$
Z K Y
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RedFireTruck
4221 posts
#84
Y by
Assume WLOG that $t_1\le t_2\le \dots\le t_n$.

Claim: $a\ge b+c$ for $a,b,c>0$ means that $\frac{b+c}{a}+\frac{a}{b}+\frac{a}{c}\ge 5$.

Proof: Let $a=b+c+d$. Then, we wish to prove that $(1-\frac{d}{b+c+d})+2+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{b}+\frac{d}{b}+\frac{d}{c}\ge 5$. By AM-GM, $\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{b}\ge 2$ so it suffices to prove that $\frac{d}{b}+\frac{d}{c}\ge \frac{d}{b+c+d}$, which is true because $\frac1b+\frac1c\ge \frac1{b+c}$.

Notice that for $n=3$, we just need to prove that $t_3\ge t_1+t_2$ implies that $(t_1+t_2+t_3)(\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\frac{1}{t_3})\ge 10$. Expanding gives $$(t_1+t_2+t_3)(\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\frac{1}{t_3})=3+\frac{t_1}{t_2}+\frac{t_2}{t_1}+\frac{t_1+t_2}{t_3}+\frac{t_3}{t_1}+\frac{t_3}{t_2}\ge 3+2+5=10$$as desired.

Assume that for some $n-1\ge 3$, the assertion is true. We will now prove that the assertion is true for $n$.

If there exists $1\le i<j<k\le n-1$ such that $t_i$, $t_j$, $t_k$ don't form the side lengths of a triangle, then $$(t_1+t_2+\dots+t_{n-1})(\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\dots+\frac{1}{t_{n-1}})\ge (n-1)^2+1$$and $$t_n(\frac1{t_1}+\frac1{t_2}+\dots+\frac1{t_{n-1}})+(t_1+t_2+\dots+t_{n-1})\frac{1}{t_n}+1\ge 2n-1$$by AM-GM so $$(t_1+t_2+\dots+t_{n})(\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\dots+\frac{1}{t_{n}})\ge n^2+1$$as desired.

Otherwise, assume that $t_n\ge t_1+t_2$. By AM-GM and our claim, $$(t_1+t_2+\dots+t_{n})(\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\dots+\frac{1}{t_{n}})\ge n+2\binom{n}{2}-4+\frac{t_1+t_2}{t_n}+\frac{t_n}{t_1}+\frac{t_n}{t_2}\ge n^2+1$$as desired.

We are done by induction.
Z K Y
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blueprimes
351 posts
#86
Y by
For the sake of contradiction, assume that three of the $t_i$ are equal to $a$, $b$, $a + b + x$ where $a$, $b$ are positive reals and $x$ is nonnegative. By Cauchy-Schwarz, we have
$$(t_1 + t_2 + \dots + t_n) \left( \frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{1}{t_2} + \dots + \frac{1}{t_n} \right) \ge \left(n - 3 + \sqrt{(2a + 2b + x) \left( \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{1}{a + b + x} \right)} \right)^2.$$Now
$$\sqrt{(2a + 2b + x) \left( \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{1}{a + b + x} \right)} = \sqrt{6 + \frac{2a}{b} + \frac{2b}{a} + x \left( \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} - \frac{1}{a + b + x} \right) } \ge \sqrt{10}$$by AM-GM. To reach contradiction it is now sufficient to show $(n - 3 + \sqrt{10})^2 \ge n^2 + 1 \iff n \ge 3$ which is true. We are done.
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by blueprimes, Jun 24, 2024, 1:53 PM
Z K Y
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dudade
139 posts
#88
Y by
FTSOC, suppose $t_1 > t_2 + t_3$. Therefore, we want to show
\begin{align*}
n^2 + 1 &> \sum_{1 \leq i<j \leq n} \left(\dfrac{t_i}{t_j} + \dfrac{t_j}{t_i}\right) + n \\
&= \left(\left(\dfrac{t_1}{t_2}+\dfrac{t_2}{t_1}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_2}{t_3}+\dfrac{t_3}{t_2}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_3}{t_1}+\dfrac{t_1}{t_3}\right)\right) + \sum_{4\leq i<j \leq n} \left(\dfrac{t_i}{t_j} + \dfrac{t_j}{t_i}\right)+n \\
&\geq \left(\left(\dfrac{t_1}{t_2}+\dfrac{t_2}{t_1}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_2}{t_3}+\dfrac{t_3}{t_2}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_3}{t_1}+\dfrac{t_1}{t_3}\right)\right) + \left(n^2 - n - 6\right) + n.
\end{align*}Thus, we want
\begin{align*}
7 > \left(\dfrac{t_1}{t_2}+\dfrac{t_2}{t_1}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_2}{t_3}+\dfrac{t_3}{t_2}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_3}{t_1}+\dfrac{t_1}{t_3}\right)
\end{align*}if $t_1 > t_2 + t_3$. By AM-GM-HM, note that
\begin{align*}
\left(\dfrac{t_1}{t_2}+\dfrac{t_2}{t_1}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_2}{t_3}+\dfrac{t_3}{t_2}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_3}{t_1}+\dfrac{t_1}{t_3}\right) &= \left(\dfrac{t_2}{t_1} + \dfrac{t_3}{t_1}\right) + \left(\dfrac{t_1}{t_2} + \dfrac{t_1}{t_3}\right) + 2 \\
&\geq \left(\dfrac{t_2}{t_1} + \dfrac{t_3}{t_1}\right)+ \dfrac{4}{\left(\dfrac{t_1}{t_2} + \dfrac{t_1}{t_3}\right)} + 2 = k + \tfrac{4}{k} + 2.
\end{align*}Since $k < 1$, then we must have that $k + \tfrac{4}{k} + 2 \leq 7$ which is clearly a contradiction. Thus, for all $i$, $j$, and $k$, there exists a triangle with side lengths $t_i$, $t_j$, and $t_k$, as desired.
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jolynefag
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#89
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Elegant problem which is still being solved by people these days. So beautiful!
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SomeonesPenguin
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#90 • 1 Y
Y by zzSpartan
storage
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numbertheory97
42 posts
#91
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Really nice problem! I think I accidentally ended up proving the stronger version.

Solution. Without loss of generality, suppose to the contrary that $t_1 \geq t_2 + t_3$. Then \[t_1 + t_2 + t_3 = \frac25 t_1 + \frac35 t_1 + (t_2 + t_3) \geq \frac25 t_1 + \frac85(t_2 + t_3)\]and \[\frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{1}{t_2} + \frac{1}{t_3} \geq \frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{4}{t_2 + t_3}\]by Cauchy-Schwarz, so we have \[(t_1 + t_2 + \dots + t_n)\left(\frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{1}{t_2} + \dots + \frac{1}{t_n}\right)\]\[ \geq \left(\frac25 t_1 + \frac85(t_2 + t_3) + t_4 + \dots + t_n\right)\left(\frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{4}{t_2 + t_3} + \frac{1}{t_4} + \dots + \frac{1}{t_n}\right)\]\[ \overset{\text{C-S}}{\geq} \left(\sqrt{\frac25} + \sqrt{\frac{32}{5}} + (n - 3)\right)^2 = \left(n + \sqrt{10} - 3\right)^2.\]But $f(x) = \left(x + \sqrt{10} - 3\right)^2 - x^2$ is strictly increasing, so $f(x) \geq f(3) = 1$, a contradiction. $\square$

Remark. (Motivation) Why $2/5$ and $3/5$? I originally tried using $1/2$'s, which was very close but broke slightly for $n = 3$. But if we use arbitrary coefficients $x$ and $1 - x$, it suffices to maximize the function \[f(x) = \sqrt x + 2\sqrt{2 - x},\]which by C-S or similar methods is greatest when $x = 2/5$. This fits perfectly when $n = 3$.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by numbertheory97, Aug 23, 2024, 11:51 PM
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ezpotd
1263 posts
#92
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Sort $t_n$. Assume to the contrary that there exists some tuple $(t_1 \cdots t_n)$ such that the inequality is satisfied and $t_1 + t_2 \le t_n$. We show that if $n \ge 4$ we can form a similar tuple with $n -1$ elements. Of course, just remove $t_3$, the decrease on the left is $2n - 1$, the decrease on the right is $t_3 \frac{1}{t_3} + \sum_{i \neq 3} \frac{t_i}{t_3} + \frac{t_3}{t_i} \ge 2n - 1$ by AM-GM, so the inequality is preserved. Now we can just reduce to the $n = 3$ case, where we MUST have $10 > 3 + \sum_{sym} \frac{t_i}{t_j}$. Since $\frac{t_3}{t_1} + \frac{t_1}{t_3}, \frac{t_3}{t_2} + \frac{t_2}{t_3}$ are increasing for $t_3 > t_1, t_2$, if the inequality holds true for $t_3 > t_1 + t_2$, it must hold for $t_3 = t_1 + t_2$. Now plugging this value of $t_3$ gives $7 > 2(\frac{t_1}{t_2} + \frac{t_2}{t_1}) + 3$, which is NEVER true by AM-GM, so the original inequality can never hold in the conditions described.
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GeorgeRP
130 posts
#93 • 1 Y
Y by Bumfuzzle
We will solve the problem by induction on n.

Base case: n=3. We have that:
$$10>(a+b+c)(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}) \Leftrightarrow 7abc>\sum{a^2b}$$WLOG we can assume $a$ is the largest. Thus we need to show $a<b+c$. If we rewrite as a quadratic function in respect to $a$ (considering $b$ and $c$ as parameters) we have:
$$0>a^2(b+c)+a(b^2+c^2-7bc)+(b^2c+c^2b)=f(a)$$We however know:
$$ b+c>a \Leftrightarrow \begin{cases}
  f(b+c)\geq0 \\
  b+c>\frac{7bc-b^2-c^2}{2(b+c)} 
\end{cases} \Leftrightarrow \begin{cases}
  2(b+c)^3-8(b+c)bc\geq0\\
  3b^2-3bc+3c^2>0 
\end{cases} \text{ which are both true, finishing the base}$$
IH: for n-1

IS: for n. Let $A=t_1+t_2+\cdots+t_{n-1}, B=\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{t_{n-1}}$.WLOG we can assume $t_1\leq t_2 \leq \cdots \leq t_n$. We know that $n^2+1>(A+t_n)(B+\frac{1}{t_n}) \Leftrightarrow n^2-Bt_n-\frac{A}{t_n}>AB$. We will first show that $Bt_n+\frac{A}{t_n}\geq2n-2$. This follows from the fact:
$$Bt_n+\frac{A}{t_n}=\sum_{1\leq i \leq n-1}{\frac{t_n}{t_i}+\frac{t_i}{t_n}} \overset{AM-GM}{\geq} 2n-2$$From this it directly follows that $(n-1)^2+1>AB$, implying that $t_i, t_j, t_k$ are the sides of a triangle for $1\leq i<j<k\leq n-1$. We are now left to show that $t_n<t_1+t_2$ from which the desired will follow (because $t_1, t_2$ are the smallest). For simplicity let $t_1=x, t_2=y$. FTSOC let $t_n=x+y+k$ for some $k\geq0$. We know that by Cauchy-Schwarz $AB\geq(n-1)^2$. We will now show that $t_nB+\frac{A}{t_n}\geq 2n-1$.
$$t_nB+\frac{A}{t_n}= \frac{t_n}{t_1}+\frac{t_1}{t_n}+\frac{t_2}{t_n}+\frac{t_n}{t_2}+(\frac{t_3}{t_n}+\cdots+\frac{t_{n-1}}{t_n})+(\frac{t_n}{t_3}+\cdots+\frac{t_n}{t_{n-1}}) \overset{\text{AM-GM}}{\geq} $$$$ \geq \frac{a+b+k}{a}+\frac{a}{a+b+k}+\frac{a+b+k}{b}+\frac{b}{a+b+k}+2n-6 \geq \frac{a+b}{a}+\frac{a}{a+b}+\frac{a+b}{b}+\frac{b}{a+b}+2n-6=$$$$=\frac{(a+b)^2}{ab}+2n-5\overset{\text{AM-GM}}{\geq}2n-1$$From here it follows that:
$$n^2> AB+t_nB+\frac{A}{t_n}\geq n^2 \text{ \Large{ \lightning }} \text{ with which we are done}$$
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N3bula
268 posts
#94
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Expanding gives us:
\[\left(t_1 + t_2 + \dots + t_n\right)
  \left( \frac{1}{t_1} + \frac{1}{t_2} + \dots + \frac{1}{t_n} \right) = n+\sum_{i, j \in \{1, 2, \dots, n\}, i\neq j} \frac{t_i}{t_j} +\frac{t_j}{t_i}\]Thus we get if for any $i$, $j$ and $k$ that $\sum_{sym}\frac{t_i}{t_j}\geq 7$ we get a contradiction,
thus it suffices to prove that if we have $a+b\leq c$ that $\sum_{sym}\frac{a}{b}\geq 7$, thus I will
prove that that sum is minimised when $a+b=c$, we get that proving that is equivalent to proving
\[\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}-\frac{a+b}{c(c+k)}\geq 0\]When $a+b=c$ and $k$ is a positive real. Thus the above is equivalent to:
\[\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}-\frac{1}{a+b}\geq 0\]\[\frac{b+a}{ab}-\frac{1}{a+b}\]The above is minimised when $a=b$, thus its equivalent to:
\[\frac{2a}{a^2}-\frac{1}{2a}\geq 0\]Which is clearly true.
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eg4334
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#95
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WLOG $t_1 \leq t_2 \leq \dots \leq t_n$, and FTSOC let $t_i + t_j < t_k$. The condition then gives by Cauchy that $$n^2 +1 \geq \left( n -3 + \sqrt{3+\sum \frac{t_i}{t_j} } \right)^2$$where the summation is taken over all ordered pairs in $t_i, t_j, t_k$. Now notice that $n^2 +1 \geq (n - 3 + \sqrt{10})^2$ has no integer solutions for $n \geq 3$, so we just need to prove that $$\frac{t_i}{t_j} + \frac{t_i}{t_k} + \frac{t_j}{t_i} + \frac{t_j}{t_k} + \frac{t_k}{t_i} + \frac{t_k}{t_j} \geq 7 $$$$\frac{t_i}{t_k} + \frac{t_j}{t_k} + \frac{t_k}{t_i} + \frac{t_k}{t_j} \geq5$$by AMGM. Also, $(\frac{1}{t_i} + \frac{1}{t_j})(t_i + t_j) \geq 4$ by Cauchy so this reduces into $$\frac{t_i+t_j}{t_k} + \frac{4t_k}{t_i+t_i} \geq 5$$which is obvious.
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by eg4334, Nov 29, 2024, 8:56 PM
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Maximilian113
575 posts
#96
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We show by induction on $n$ that if there exists at least one triple $(t_i, t_j, t_k)$ that are not the sides of a triangle, then $$n^2+1 \leq (t_1+t_2+\cdots+t_n)\left( \frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{t_n} \right).$$$\text{Base Case: }$ For $n=3,$ we must show that if $t_1, t_2, t_3$ cannot be the sides of a triangle, then $$10 \leq (t_1+t_2+t_3)\left( \frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\frac{1}{t_3} \right).$$WLOG, assume that $t_1 \leq t_2 \leq t_3,$ then we have that $t_3 > t_1+t_2.$ Also, because our inequality is homogenous, assume that $t_3=1.$ Letting $x=t_1+t_2,$ it suffices to show that $$7 \leq \frac{t_1}{t_2}+\frac{t_2}{t_1}+x+\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}.$$But by AM-GM, $\frac{t_1}{t_2}+\frac{t_2}{t_1} \geq 2,$ so it suffices to show that $$x+\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2} \geq 5.$$But, $x \leq t_3=1 \implies (x-1)(x-4) \geq 0 \implies 5 \leq x+\frac{4}{x} \leq x+\frac{1}{t_1t_2} \leq x+\frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}$ by $2$ applications of AM-GM at the end. Therefore, our base case is proven.

$\text{Inductive Step: }$ Now, assume that for $n=k-1 \geq 3$ our proposition holds. Consider the sequence $t_1, t_2, \cdots t_k$ of positive real numbers. Then if there is at least one triple, say WLOG $(t_1, t_2, t_3),$ which are not the sides of a triangle then we have by our inductive hypothesis that
\begin{align*}
(t_1+t_2+\cdots+t_k)\left( \frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{t_k} \right) &=(t_1+t_2+\cdots+t_{k-1})\left( \frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{t_{k-1}} \right) + \sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \left( \frac{t_i}{t_k}+\frac{t_k}{t_i} \right)+1 \\
&\geq \left((k-1)^2+1\right)+(k-1)\cdot 2+1 \text{ by AM-GM} \\
&= k^2+1.
\end{align*}Therefore, our induction is complete. QED

Now, for the sake of a contradiction assume that there exists $t_i, t_j, t_k$ which are not the sides of a triangle, and $$n^2+1 > (t_1+t_2+\cdots+t_n)\left( \frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{t_n} \right).$$But by our induction above, we have that $$n^2+1 \leq (t_1+t_2+\cdots+t_n)\left( \frac{1}{t_1}+\frac{1}{t_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{t_n} \right),$$a contradiction. Therefore, all $t_i, t_j, t_k$ are the sides of a triangle. QED
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Marcus_Zhang
980 posts
#97
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IMO P4
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Marcus_Zhang, Mar 23, 2025, 3:46 AM
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cubres
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#98
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Yapping
Storage - grinding IMO problems
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Ilikeminecraft
615 posts
#99
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Assume there exists a sequence $t_i$ such that $t_1 \geq t_2 + t_3.$ Then, we have that:
\begin{align*}
  & (t_1 + t_2 + \cdots + t_n)\left(\frac1{t_1} + \frac1{t_2} + \cdots + \frac1{t_n}\right) \\
  & \geq (t_1 + t_2 + t_3)\left(\frac1{t_1} + \frac1{t_2} + \frac1{t_3}\right) + (t_1 + t_2 + t_3)\left(\frac1{t_4} + \cdots + \frac1{t_n}\right)\\
  & \qquad + (t_4 + \cdots + t_n)\left(\frac1{t_1} + \frac1{t_2} + \frac1{t_3}\right) + (n - 3)^2 \\
  & \geq (n - 3)^2 + 2(3n - 9) + 3 + (t_1 + t_2 + t_3)\left(\frac1{t_1} + \frac1{t_2} + \frac1{t_3}\right)
\end{align*}Thus, all that is left is to prove that $$(t_1 + t_2 + t_3)\left(\frac1{t_1} + \frac1{t_2} + \frac1{t_3}\right) \geq 10$$Expanding, we have that $$3 + \frac{t_1}{t_2} + \frac{t_3}{t_2} + \frac{t_2 + t_3}{t_1} + \frac{t_1}{t_3} + \frac{t_2}{t_3}$$Now, differentiate w.r.t. $t_1.$ We get $f(t_1) = \frac1{t_2} + \frac1{t_3} - (t_2 + t_3)\frac1{t_1^2}.$ We claim that $t_1^2 \geq t_2t_3.$ However, this is clearly true because $t_1^2 \geq t_2^2 + t_3^2 + 2t_2t_3,$ while $t_2^2 + t_3^2 + t_2 t_3 \geq 0.$ Thus, $f(t_1)$ is increasing as $t_1$ increases. Thus, we can assume that $t_1 = t_2 + t_3.$ This clearly implies that $f(t_1) \geq 10.$ Hence, we are done.
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