Difference between revisions of "2021 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 23"

Revision as of 14:21, 12 February 2021

1 Problem
2 Solution 1 (complementary counting)
3 Solution 2 (direct counting and probability states)
4 Solution 3 (Similar to Solution 2, but Finds the Numerator and Denominator Separately)
5 Solution 4
6 Solution 5
7 Solution 6 (Casework)
8 Video Solution by OmegaLearn (Using Probability States)
9 See also

Problem

Frieda the frog begins a sequence of hops on a $3 \times 3$ grid of squares, moving one square on each hop and choosing at random the direction of each hop-up, down, left, or right. She does not hop diagonally. When the direction of a hop would take Frieda off the grid, she "wraps around" and jumps to the opposite edge. For example if Frieda begins in the center square and makes two hops "up", the first hop would place her in the top row middle square, and the second hop would cause Frieda to jump to the opposite edge, landing in the bottom row middle square. Suppose Frieda starts from the center square, makes at most four hops at random, and stops hopping if she lands on a corner square. What is the probability that she reaches a corner square on one of the four hops?

$\textbf{(A)} ~\frac{9}{16}\qquad\textbf{(B)} ~\frac{5}{8}\qquad\textbf{(C)} ~\frac{3}{4}\qquad\textbf{(D)} ~\frac{25}{32}\qquad\textbf{(E)} ~\frac{13}{16}$

Solution 1 (complementary counting)

We will use complementary counting. First, the frog can go left with probability $\frac14$ . We observe symmetry, so our final answer will be multiplied by 4 for the 4 directions, and since $4\cdot \frac14=1$ , we will ignore the leading probability.

From the left, she either goes left to another edge ( $\frac14$ ) or back to the center ( $\frac14$ ). Time for some casework.

$\textbf{Case 1:}$ She goes back to the center.

Now, she can go in any 4 directions, and then has 2 options from that edge. This gives $\frac12$ . --End case 1

$\textbf{Case 2:}$ She goes to another edge (rightmost).

Subcase 1: She goes back to the left edge. She now has 2 places to go, giving $\frac12$

Subcase 2: She goes to the center. Now any move works.

$\frac14 \cdot \frac12 + \frac14 \cdot 1=\frac18 + \frac 14=\frac38$ for this case. --End case 2

She goes back to the center in Case 1 with probability $\frac14$ , and to the right edge with probability $\frac14$

So, our answer is $\frac14 \cdot \frac12 + \frac14 \cdot \frac38=\frac14 (\frac12+\frac38)=\frac14 \cdot \frac78 = \frac7{32}$

But, don't forget complementary counting. So, we get $1-\frac7{32}=\frac{25}{32} \implies \boxed{D}$ . ~ firebolt360

Video Solution for those who prefer: https://youtu.be/ude2rzO1cmk ~ firebolt360

Solution 2 (direct counting and probability states)

We can draw a state diagram with three states: center, edge, and corner. Denote center by M, edge by E, and corner by C. There are a few ways Frieda can reach a corner in four or less moves: EC, EEC, EEEC, EMEC. Then, calculating the probabilities of each of these cases happening, we have $1\cdot\tfrac{1}{2}+1\cdot\tfrac{1}{4}\cdot\tfrac{1}{2}+1\cdot\tfrac{1}{4}\cdot\tfrac{1}{4}\cdot\tfrac{1}{2}+1\cdot\tfrac{1}{4}\cdot1\cdot\tfrac{1}{2}=\tfrac{25}{32}$ , so the answer is $\boxed{D}$ . ~IceWolf10

Solution 3 (Similar to Solution 2, but Finds the Numerator and Denominator Separately)

Denominator

There are $4^4=256$ ways to make 4 hops without restrictions.

Numerator (Casework)

Suppose Frieda makes 4 hops without stopping. We perform casework on which hop reaches a corner for the first time.

(1) Hop #2 (Hops #3 and #4 have no restrictions)

The 4 independent hops have 4, 2, 4, 4 options, respectively. So, this case has $4\cdot2\cdot4\cdot4=128$ ways.

(2) Hop #3 (Hope #4 has no restriction)

No matter which direction the first hop takes, the second hop must "wrap around".

The 4 independent hops have 4, 1, 2, 4 options, respectively. So, this case has $4\cdot1\cdot2\cdot4=32$ ways.

(3) Hop #4

Two sub-cases:

(3.1) The second hop "wraps around". It follows that the third hop also "wraps around".

The 4 independent hops have 4, 1, 1, 2 options, respectively. So, this sub-case has $4\cdot1\cdot1\cdot2=8$ ways.

(3.2) The second hop backs to the center.

The 4 independent hops have 4, 1, 4, 2 options, respectively. So, this sub-case has $4\cdot1\cdot4\cdot2=32$ ways.

Together, Case (3) has $8+32=40$ ways.

The numerator is $128+32+40=200.$

Probability

$\frac{200}{256}=\boxed{\textbf{(D)} ~\frac{25}{32}}.$

This problem is quite similar to 1995 AIME Problem 3: https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/1995_AIME_Problems/Problem_3

~MRENTHUSIASM

Solution 4

Let $C_n$ be the probability that Frieda is on the central square after n moves, $E_n$ be the probability that Frieda is on one of the four squares on the middle of the edges after n moves, and $V_n$ (V for vertex) be the probability that Frieda is on a corner after n moves. The only way to reach the center is by moving in $1$ specific direction out of $4$ total directions from the middle of an edge, so $C_{n+1}=\frac{E_n}{4}$ . The ways to reach the middle of an edge are by moving in any direction from the center or by moving in $1$ specific direction from the middle of an edge, so $E_{n+1}=C_n+\frac{E_n}{4}$ . The ways to reach a corner are by simply staying there after reaching there in a previous move or by moving in $2$ specific directions from the middle of an edge, so $V_{n+1}=V_n+\frac{E_n}{2}$ . Since Frieda always start from the center, $C_0=1$ , $E_0=0$ , and $V_0=0$ . We use the previous formulas to work out $V_4$ and find it to be $\boxed{\textbf{(D)} ~\frac{25}{32}}$ .

-SmileKat32

Solution 5

Imagine an infinite grid of $2$ by $2$ squares such that there is a $2$ by $2$ square centered at $(3x, 3y)$ for all ordered pairs of integers $(x, y).$ It is easy to see that the problem is equivalent to Frieda moving left, right, up, or down on this infinite grid starting at $(0, 0)$ . (minus the teleportations) Since counting the complement set is easier, we'll count the number of $4$ -step paths such that Frieda never reaches a corner point.

In other words, since the reachable corner points are $(\pm 1, \pm 1), (\pm 1, \pm 2), (\pm 2, \pm 1),$ and $(\pm 2, \pm 2),$ Frieda can only travel along the collection of points included in $S$ , where $S$ is all points on $x=0$ and $y=0$ such that $|y|<4$ and $|x|<4$ , respectively, plus all points on the big square with side length $6$ centered at $(0, 0).$ We then can proceed with casework:

Case $1$ : Frieda never reaches $(0, \pm 3)$ nor $(\pm 3, 0).$

When Frieda only moves horizontally or vertically for her four moves, she can do so in $2^4 - 4 = 12$ ways for each case . Thus, $12 \cdot 2$ total paths for the subcase of staying in one direction. (For instance, all length $4$ combinations of $F$ and $B$ except $FFFF$ , $BBBB$ , $FFFB$ , and $BBBF$ for the horizontal direction.)

There is another subcase where she changes directions during her path. There are four symmetric cases for this subcase depending on which of the four quadrants Frieda hugs. For the first quadrant, the possible paths are $FBUD$ , $FBUU$ , $UDFB$ , and $UDFF.$ Thus, a total of $4 \cdot 4 = 16$ ways for this subcase.

Total for Case $1$ : $24 + 16 = 40$

Case $2$ : Frieda reaches $(0, \pm 3)$ or $(\pm 3, 0)$ .

Once Frieda reaches one of the points listed above (by using three moves), she has four choices for her last move. Thus, a total of $4 \cdot 4 = 16$ paths for this case.

Our total number of paths never reaching coroners is thus $16+40=56,$ making for an answer of $\frac{4^4-56}{4^4} = \boxed{\textbf{(D)} ~\frac{25}{32}}.$

-fidgetboss_4000

Solution 6 (Casework)

We take cases on the number of hops needed to reach a corner. For simplicity, denote $E$ as a move that takes Freida to an edge, $W$ as wrap-around move and $C$ as a corner move. Also, denote $O$ as a move that takes us to the center.

2 Hops

Then, Freida will have to $(E, C)$ as her set of moves. There are $4$ ways to move to an edge, and $2$ corners to move to, for a total of $4 \cdot 2 = 8$ cases here. Then, there are $4$ choices for each move, for a probability of $\frac{8}{4 \cdot 4} = \frac{1}{2}$ .

3 Hops

In this case, Freida must wrap-around. There's only one possible combination, just $(E, W, C)$ . There are $4$ ways to move to an edge, $1$ way to wrap-around (you must continue in the same direction) and $2$ corners, for a total of $4 \cdot 1 \cdot 2 = 8$ cases here. Then, there are $4$ choices for each move, for a probability of $\frac{8}{4 \cdot 4 \cdot 4} = \frac{1}{8}$ .

4 Hops

Lastly, there are two cases we must consider here. The first case is $(E, O, E, C)$ , and the second is $(E, W, W, C)$ . For the first case, there are $4$ ways to move to an edge, $1$ way to return to the center, $4$ ways to move to an edge once again, and $2$ ways to move to a corner. Hence, there is a total of $4 \cdot 1 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 = 32$ cases here. Then, for the second case, there are $4$ ways to move to a corner, $1$ way to wrap-around, $1$ way to wrap-around again, and $2$ ways to move to a corner. This implies there are $4 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 2 = 8$ cases here. Then, there is a total of $8+32 = 40$ cases, out of a total of $4^4 = 256$ cases, for a probability of $\frac{40}{256} = \frac{5}{32}$ .

Then, the total probability that Freida ends up on a corner is $\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{5}{32} = \frac{25}{32}$ , corresponding to choice $\boxed{D}$ . ~rocketsri

Video Solution by OmegaLearn (Using Probability States)

https://youtu.be/V_Sn30N2q50

~ pi_is_3.14

@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 -fidgetboss_4000
-== Solution 6 ==
+== Solution 6 (Casework) ==
 We take cases on the number of hops needed to reach a corner. For simplicity, denote <math>E</math> as a move that takes Freida to an edge, <math>W</math> as wrap-around move and <math>C</math> as a corner move. Also, denote <math>O</math> as a move that takes us to the center.

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