Difference between revisions of "2021 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 18"
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<math>\textbf{(A) }\frac{17}{32}\qquad\textbf{(B) }\frac{11}{16}\qquad\textbf{(C) }\frac{7}{9}\qquad\textbf{(D) }\frac{7}{6}\qquad\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}\qquad</math> | <math>\textbf{(A) }\frac{17}{32}\qquad\textbf{(B) }\frac{11}{16}\qquad\textbf{(C) }\frac{7}{9}\qquad\textbf{(D) }\frac{7}{6}\qquad\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}\qquad</math> | ||
− | ==Solution 1== | + | ==Solution 1 (Intuitive)== |
− | + | From the answer choices, note that | |
+ | <cmath>\begin{align*} | ||
+ | f(25)&=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\cdot11\right) \\ | ||
+ | &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+f(11) \\ | ||
+ | &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11. | ||
+ | \end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | On the other hand, we have | ||
+ | <cmath>\begin{align*} | ||
+ | f(25)&=f(5\cdot5) \\ | ||
+ | &=f(5)+f(5) \\ | ||
+ | &=5+5 \\ | ||
+ | &=10. | ||
+ | \end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | Equating the expressions for <math>f(25)</math> produces <cmath>f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11=10,</cmath> from which <math>f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)=-1.</math> Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}.</math> | ||
− | + | <u><b>Remark</b></u> | |
− | <math>f(\frac{ | + | Similarly, we can find the outputs of <math>f</math> at the inputs of the other answer choices: |
+ | <cmath>\begin{alignat*}{10} | ||
+ | &\textbf{(A)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{17}{32}\right) \quad && = \quad && 7 \\ | ||
+ | &\textbf{(B)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{11}{16}\right) \quad && = \quad && 3 \\ | ||
+ | &\textbf{(C)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{9}\right) \quad && = \quad && 1 \\ | ||
+ | &\textbf{(D)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{6}\right) \quad && = \quad && 2 | ||
+ | \end{alignat*}</cmath> | ||
+ | Alternatively, refer to Solutions 2 and 4 for the full processes. | ||
− | + | ~Lemonie ~awesomediabrine ~MRENTHUSIASM | |
− | ==Solution 2== | + | ==Solution 2 (Specific)== |
We know that <math>f(p) = f(p \cdot 1) = f(p) + f(1)</math>. By transitive, we have <cmath>f(p) = f(p) + f(1).</cmath> | We know that <math>f(p) = f(p \cdot 1) = f(p) + f(1)</math>. By transitive, we have <cmath>f(p) = f(p) + f(1).</cmath> | ||
Subtracting <math>f(p)</math> from both sides gives <math>0 = f(1).</math> | Subtracting <math>f(p)</math> from both sides gives <math>0 = f(1).</math> | ||
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In <math>\textbf{(E)}</math> we have <math>f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)=10+f\left(\frac{1}{11}\right)=10-11=-1</math>. | In <math>\textbf{(E)}</math> we have <math>f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)=10+f\left(\frac{1}{11}\right)=10-11=-1</math>. | ||
− | Thus, our answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E)} \frac{25}{11}}</math> | + | Thus, our answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}</math>. |
~JHawk0224 ~awesomediabrine | ~JHawk0224 ~awesomediabrine | ||
− | ==Solution 3 ( | + | ==Solution 3 (Generalized)== |
− | Consider the rational <math>\frac{a}{b}</math>, for <math>a,b</math> integers. We have <math>f(a)=f\left(\frac{a}{b}\cdot b\right)=f\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)+f(b)</math>. So <math>f\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)=f(a)-f(b)</math>. Let <math>p</math> be a prime. Notice that <math>f(p^k)=kf(p)</math>. And <math>f(p)=p</math>. So if <math>a=p_1^{a_1}p_2^{a_2}\cdots p_k^{a_k}</math>, <math>f(a)=a_1p_1+a_2p_2+ | + | Consider the rational <math>\frac{a}{b}</math>, for <math>a,b</math> integers. We have <math>f(a)=f\left(\frac{a}{b}\cdot b\right)=f\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)+f(b)</math>. So <math>f\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)=f(a)-f(b)</math>. Let <math>p</math> be a prime. Notice that <math>f(p^k)=kf(p)</math>. And <math>f(p)=p</math>. So if <math>a=p_1^{a_1}p_2^{a_2}\cdots p_k^{a_k}</math>, <math>f(a)=a_1p_1+a_2p_2+\cdots+a_kp_k</math>. We simply need this to be greater than what we have for <math>f(b)</math>. Notice that for answer choices <math>\textbf{(A)},\textbf{(B)},\textbf{(C)},</math> and <math>\textbf{(D)}</math>, the numerator has fewer prime factors than the denominator, and so they are less likely to work. We check <math>\textbf{(E)}</math> first, and it works, therefore the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}</math>. |
~yofro | ~yofro | ||
− | ==Solution 4 ( | + | ==Solution 4 (Generalized)== |
− | + | We derive the following properties of <math>f:</math> | |
− | We | ||
− | |||
<ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> | <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> | ||
− | <li>< | + | <li>By induction, we have <cmath>f\left(\prod_{k=1}^{n}a_k\right)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}f(a_k)</cmath> for all positive rational numbers <math>a_k</math> and positive integers <math>n.</math> <p> |
− | + | Since positive powers are just repeated multiplication of the base, it follows that <cmath>f\left(a^n\right)=f\left(\prod_{k=1}^{n}a\right)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}f(a)=nf(a)</cmath> for all positive rational numbers <math>a</math> and positive integers <math>n.</math></li><p> | |
− | <li><math>f(1)=0</math></li><p> | + | <li>For all positive rational numbers <math>a,</math> we have <cmath>f(a)=f(a\cdot1)=f(a)+f(1),</cmath> from which <math>f(1)=0.</math></li><p> |
− | <li><math>f\left( | + | <li>For all positive rational numbers <math>a,</math> we have <cmath>f(a)+f\left(\frac1a\right)=f\left(a\cdot\frac1a\right)=f(1)=0,</cmath> from which <math>f\left({\frac 1a}\right)=-f(a).</math></li><p> |
</ol> | </ol> | ||
− | + | For all positive integers <math>x</math> and <math>y,</math> suppose <math>\prod_{k=1}^{m}p_k^{d_k}</math> and <math>\prod_{k=1}^{n}q_k^{e_k}</math> are their respective prime factorizations. We get | |
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− | For all positive integers <math>x</math> and <math>y,</math> suppose <math>\prod_{k=1}^{m}p_k^{ | ||
<cmath>\begin{align*} | <cmath>\begin{align*} | ||
f\left(\frac xy\right)&=f(x)+f\left(\frac 1y\right) \\ | f\left(\frac xy\right)&=f(x)+f\left(\frac 1y\right) \\ | ||
− | &=f(x)-f(y) \\ | + | &=f(x)-f(y) && \hspace{10mm}\text{by Property 3} \\ |
− | &=f\left(\prod_{k=1}^{m}p_k^{ | + | &=f\left(\prod_{k=1}^{m}p_k^{d_k}\right)-f\left(\prod_{k=1}^{n}q_k^{e_k}\right) \\ |
− | &=\left[\sum_{k=1}^{m}f\left(p_k^{ | + | &=\left[\sum_{k=1}^{m}f\left(p_k^{d_k}\right)\right]-\left[\sum_{k=1}^{n}f\left(q_k^{e_k}\right)\right] && \hspace{10mm}\text{by Property 1} \\ |
− | &=\left[\sum_{k=1}^{m} | + | &=\left[\sum_{k=1}^{m}d_k f\left(p_k\right)\right]-\left[\sum_{k=1}^{n}e_k f\left(q_k\right)\right] && \hspace{10mm}\text{by Property 1} \\ |
− | &=\left[\sum_{k=1}^{m} | + | &=\left[\sum_{k=1}^{m}d_k p_k \right]-\left[\sum_{k=1}^{n}e_k q_k \right]. |
\end{align*}</cmath> | \end{align*}</cmath> | ||
− | + | We apply <math>f</math> to each fraction in the answer choices: | |
− | We apply | + | <cmath>\begin{alignat*}{10} |
− | + | &\textbf{(A)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{17}{32}\right) \quad && = \quad && f\left(\frac{17^1}{2^5}\right) \quad && = \quad && [1(17)]-[5(2)] \quad && = \quad && 7 \\ | |
− | <cmath>\begin{ | + | &\textbf{(B)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{11}{16}\right) \quad && = \quad && f\left(\frac{11^1}{2^4}\right) \quad && = \quad && [1(11)]-[4(2)] \quad && = \quad && 3 \\ |
− | \textbf{(A) } & f\left(\frac{17}{32}\right) & = & f\left(\frac{17^1}{2^5}\right) & = & [1(17)]-[5(2)] & = & 7 \\ | + | &\textbf{(C)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{9}\right) \quad && = \quad && f\left(\frac{7^1}{3^2}\right) \quad && = \quad && [1(7)]-[2(3)] \quad && = \quad && 1 \\ |
− | \textbf{(B) } & f\left(\frac{11}{16}\right) & = & f\left(\frac{11^1}{2^4}\right) & = & [1(11)]-[4(2)] & = & 3 \\ | + | &\textbf{(D)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{6}\right) \quad && = \quad && f\left(\frac{7^1}{2^1\cdot3^1}\right) \quad && = \quad && [1(7)]-[1(2)+1(3)] \quad && = \quad && 2 \\ |
− | \textbf{(C) } & f\left(\frac{7}{9}\right) | + | &\textbf{(E)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right) \quad && = \quad && f\left(\frac{5^2}{11^1}\right) \quad && = \quad && [2(5)]-[1(11)] \quad && = \quad && -1 |
− | \textbf{(D) } & f\left(\frac{7}{6}\right) | + | \end{alignat*}</cmath> |
− | \textbf{(E) } & f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right) & = & f\left(\frac{5^2}{11^1}\right) & = & [2(5)]-[1(11)] & = & -1 | ||
− | \end{ | ||
Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}.</math> | Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}.</math> | ||
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==Solution 5== | ==Solution 5== | ||
− | The problem gives us that f(p)=p. | + | The problem gives us that <math>f(p)=p.</math> If we let <math>a=p</math> and <math>b=1,</math> we get <math>f(p)=f(p)+f(1),</math> which implies <math>f(1)=0.</math> Notice that the answer choices are all fractions, which means we will have to multiply an integer by a fraction to be able to solve it. Therefore, let's try plugging in fractions and try to solve them. Note that if we plug in <math>a=p</math> and <math>b=1/p,</math> we get <math>f(1)=f(p)+f(1/p).</math> We can solve for <math>f(1/p)</math> as <math>-f(p)!</math> This gives us the information we need to solve the problem. Testing out the answer choices gives us the answer of <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}.</math> |
==Video Solution by Hawk Math== | ==Video Solution by Hawk Math== | ||
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https://youtu.be/8gGcj95rlWY | https://youtu.be/8gGcj95rlWY | ||
− | == Video Solution by OmegaLearn (Using Functions and | + | == Video Solution by OmegaLearn (Using Functions and Manipulations) == |
https://youtu.be/aGv99CLzguE | https://youtu.be/aGv99CLzguE | ||
Revision as of 13:35, 22 September 2021
- The following problem is from both the 2021 AMC 10A #18 and 2021 AMC 12A #18, so both problems redirect to this page.
Contents
- 1 Problem
- 2 Solution 1 (Intuitive)
- 3 Solution 2 (Specific)
- 4 Solution 3 (Generalized)
- 5 Solution 4 (Generalized)
- 6 Solution 5
- 7 Video Solution by Hawk Math
- 8 Video Solution by North America Math Contest Go Go Go Through Induction
- 9 Video Solution by Punxsutawney Phil
- 10 Video Solution by OmegaLearn (Using Functions and Manipulations)
- 11 Video Solution by TheBeautyofMath
- 12 See also
Problem
Let be a function defined on the set of positive rational numbers with the property that for all positive rational numbers and . Furthermore, suppose that also has the property that for every prime number . For which of the following numbers is ?
Solution 1 (Intuitive)
From the answer choices, note that On the other hand, we have Equating the expressions for produces from which Therefore, the answer is
Remark
Similarly, we can find the outputs of at the inputs of the other answer choices: Alternatively, refer to Solutions 2 and 4 for the full processes.
~Lemonie ~awesomediabrine ~MRENTHUSIASM
Solution 2 (Specific)
We know that . By transitive, we have Subtracting from both sides gives Also In we have .
In we have .
In we have .
In we have .
In we have .
Thus, our answer is .
~JHawk0224 ~awesomediabrine
Solution 3 (Generalized)
Consider the rational , for integers. We have . So . Let be a prime. Notice that . And . So if , . We simply need this to be greater than what we have for . Notice that for answer choices and , the numerator has fewer prime factors than the denominator, and so they are less likely to work. We check first, and it works, therefore the answer is .
~yofro
Solution 4 (Generalized)
We derive the following properties of
- By induction, we have for all positive rational numbers and positive integers
Since positive powers are just repeated multiplication of the base, it follows that for all positive rational numbers and positive integers
- For all positive rational numbers we have from which
- For all positive rational numbers we have from which
For all positive integers and suppose and are their respective prime factorizations. We get We apply to each fraction in the answer choices: Therefore, the answer is
~MRENTHUSIASM
Solution 5
The problem gives us that If we let and we get which implies Notice that the answer choices are all fractions, which means we will have to multiply an integer by a fraction to be able to solve it. Therefore, let's try plugging in fractions and try to solve them. Note that if we plug in and we get We can solve for as This gives us the information we need to solve the problem. Testing out the answer choices gives us the answer of
Video Solution by Hawk Math
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvlTA8Ncp58
Video Solution by North America Math Contest Go Go Go Through Induction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffX0fTgJN0w&list=PLexHyfQ8DMuKqltG3cHT7Di4jhVl6L4YJ&index=12
Video Solution by Punxsutawney Phil
Video Solution by OmegaLearn (Using Functions and Manipulations)
~ pi_is_3.14
Video Solution by TheBeautyofMath
~IceMatrix
See also
2021 AMC 10A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 17 |
Followed by Problem 19 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | ||
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions |
2021 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | |
Preceded by Problem 17 |
Followed by Problem 19 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | |
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.