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k a May Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
May 1, 2025
May is an exciting month! National MATHCOUNTS is the second week of May in Washington D.C. and our Founder, Richard Rusczyk will be presenting a seminar, Preparing Strong Math Students for College and Careers, on May 11th.

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0 replies
jlacosta
May 1, 2025
0 replies
Central sequences
EeEeRUT   11
N 2 minutes ago by jonh_malkovich
Source: EGMO 2025 P2
An infinite increasing sequence $a_1 < a_2 < a_3 < \cdots$ of positive integers is called central if for every positive integer $n$ , the arithmetic mean of the first $a_n$ terms of the sequence is equal to $a_n$.

Show that there exists an infinite sequence $b_1, b_2, b_3, \dots$ of positive integers such that for every central sequence $a_1, a_2, a_3, \dots, $ there are infinitely many positive integers $n$ with $a_n = b_n$.
11 replies
EeEeRUT
Apr 16, 2025
jonh_malkovich
2 minutes ago
geometry problem
kjhgyuio   2
N 11 minutes ago by ricarlos
........
2 replies
kjhgyuio
May 11, 2025
ricarlos
11 minutes ago
Sequence inequality
hxtung   20
N 28 minutes ago by awesomeming327.
Source: IMO ShortList 2003, algebra problem 6
Let $n$ be a positive integer and let $(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$, $(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$ be two sequences of positive real numbers. Suppose $(z_2,\ldots,z_{2n})$ is a sequence of positive real numbers such that $z_{i+j}^2 \geq x_iy_j$ for all $1\le i,j \leq n$.

Let $M=\max\{z_2,\ldots,z_{2n}\}$. Prove that \[
	\left( \frac{M+z_2+\dots+z_{2n}}{2n} \right)^2
	\ge
	\left( \frac{x_1+\dots+x_n}{n} \right)
	\left( \frac{y_1+\dots+y_n}{n} \right). \]

comment

Proposed by Reid Barton, USA
20 replies
+1 w
hxtung
Jun 9, 2004
awesomeming327.
28 minutes ago
I guess a very hard function?
Mr.C   20
N 30 minutes ago by jasperE3
Source: A hand out
Find all functions from the reals to it self such that
$f(x)(f(y)+f(f(x)-y))=x^2$
20 replies
Mr.C
Mar 19, 2020
jasperE3
30 minutes ago
No more topics!
Incircle and circumcircle
stergiu   6
N Apr 10, 2025 by Sadigly
Source: tst- Greece 2019
Let a triangle $ABC$ inscribed in a circle $\Gamma$ with center $O$. Let $I$ the incenter of triangle $ABC$ and $D, E, F$ the contact points of the incircle with sides $BC, AC, AB$ of triangle $ABC$ respectively . Let also $S$ the foot of the perpendicular line from $D$ to the line $EF$.Prove that line $SI$ passes from the antidiametric point $N$ of $A$ in the circle $\Gamma$.( $AN$ is a diametre of the circle $\Gamma$).
6 replies
stergiu
Sep 23, 2019
Sadigly
Apr 10, 2025
Incircle and circumcircle
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: tst- Greece 2019
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stergiu
1648 posts
#1 • 2 Y
Y by mathematicsy, Adventure10
Let a triangle $ABC$ inscribed in a circle $\Gamma$ with center $O$. Let $I$ the incenter of triangle $ABC$ and $D, E, F$ the contact points of the incircle with sides $BC, AC, AB$ of triangle $ABC$ respectively . Let also $S$ the foot of the perpendicular line from $D$ to the line $EF$.Prove that line $SI$ passes from the antidiametric point $N$ of $A$ in the circle $\Gamma$.( $AN$ is a diametre of the circle $\Gamma$).
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by stergiu, Sep 23, 2019, 12:08 PM
Reason: explanation
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TheDarkPrince
3042 posts
#2 • 3 Y
Y by Pluto1708, Mathasocean, Adventure10
Let $R$ be the intersection of $\odot(AI)$ and $\odot(ABC)$. Inverting about the incircle gives that $S$ maps to $R$, so $\angle ARI = 90^{\circ}$ and $R,I,S$ are collinear which completes the problem.
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stergiu
1648 posts
#3 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
TheDarkPrince wrote:
Let $R$ be the intersection of $\odot(AI)$ and $\odot(ABC)$. Inverting about the incircle gives that $S$ maps to $R$, so $\angle ARI = 90^{\circ}$ and $R,I,S$ are collinear which completes the problem.

Just a simple question to this nice solution:

Why $S$ goes to $R$ and not to another point $Q$ ,of the circle $(AI)$ ? Thank you !

( Ok ! The circle $(A,B,C)$ has invers the Euler circle of triangle $DEF$ and $S$ belongs to this circle.Allmost obvious, but ....)
This post has been edited 3 times. Last edited by stergiu, Sep 23, 2019, 5:41 PM
Reason: correction
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jayme
9795 posts
#5 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Dear Matlinkers,

http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h614584

Sincerely
Jean-Louis
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Euler365
143 posts
#6 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Lets complex bash
Set the incircle as the unit circle with incentre as the origin and let $d = 1$.

Then $a = \frac{2ef}{e + f} , b = \frac{2f}{1 + f} , c = \frac{2e}{1 + e}$
$\therefore \frac{a - b}{\overline{a - b}} = -f^2$.

$ nb \perp ba \implies -\frac{a - b}{\overline{a - b}} = \frac{c - n}{\overline{c - n}} = f^2$

$\therefore \overline{n} = \frac{(1+f)n-2f+2f^2}{f^2(1+f)}$

Similarly $\overline{n} = \frac{(1+e)n-2e+2e^2}{e^2(1+e)}$

$\therefore \frac{(1+e)n-2e+2e^2}{e^2(1+e)} = \frac{(1+f)n-2f+2f^2}{f^2(1+f)}$
After simplifying we obtain that
$n = (1 + e + f - ef)k$

where $k = \frac{2ef}{(e + 1)(f + 1)(e + f)}$
Now we also obtain that $\overline{k} = \frac{2ef}{(e + 1)(f + 1)(e + f)}$
So $\overline{k} = k \implies k \in\mathbb{R}$
Now also note that $s = \frac{1}{2}(1 + e + f - ef)$
So $\frac{n}{s} = 2k \in \mathbb{R}$
So $N$, $I$ and $S$ are collinear.
This post has been edited 4 times. Last edited by Euler365, Sep 25, 2019, 10:53 AM
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gambi
82 posts
#8
Y by
Let $L$ be the midpoint of arc $BAC$ in $\Gamma$, and let $M$ be the antipode of $L$ in $\Gamma$.
Let $K$ be the second intersection point of $MD$ with $\Gamma$.

Claim 1. $K$ is the Miquel point of $BFEC$.
Let $\Psi$ be the inversion around $(BIC)$. By the Incenter Lemma, we get that such inversion is centered in $M$. Clearly,
$$
\left\{\begin{array}{lll}
\Psi ((ABC))=BC \\	
\Psi (KM)=KM \\
\end{array}
\right.
\Longrightarrow \Psi (K)=D
$$Therefore,
$$
MD\cdot MK=MI^2 \Longrightarrow (KID) \thickspace \text{tangent to} \thickspace IM
$$Hence
$$
\measuredangle DKI=\measuredangle DIM=\measuredangle LMA=\measuredangle LKA
$$But then
$$
90^o=\measuredangle MKL=\measuredangle DKL=\measuredangle DKI+\measuredangle IKL=\measuredangle LKA+\measuredangle IKL=\measuredangle IKA
$$This way $K\in (AEIF)$ and so Claim 1 is proved.

Claim 2. $K,S,I$ are collinear.
Right triangles $\triangle FSD$ and $\triangle IDC$ are similar because
$$
\measuredangle DFS=\measuredangle DFI+\measuredangle IFS=\measuredangle DBI+\measuredangle IAE=90^o-\measuredangle ICD
$$Analogously, right triangles $\triangle ESD$ and $\triangle IDB$ are similar.
From these two similarities, we get
$$
\left\{\begin{array}{lll}
\frac{FS}{SD}=\frac{ID}{DC} \\
\\
\frac{SE}{SD}=\frac{ID}{BD} \\
\end{array}
\right.
\Longrightarrow \frac{FS}{SE}=\frac{BD}{DC} \qquad (\star)
$$From Claim 1, we get that $K$ is the center of the spiral similarity sending $BC$ to $FE$. But from $(\star)$, we get that such spiral similarity also sends $D$ to $S$.
Hence $\triangle KFS$ and $\triangle KBD$ are similar. Consequently,
$$
\measuredangle FKS=\measuredangle BKD=\measuredangle BKM=\measuredangle BAM=\measuredangle FAI=\measuredangle FKI
$$Therefore, $K,S,I$ are collinear and so Claim 2 is proved.

Finally, from Claim 1 we have $K\in (AEFI) \Longrightarrow IK\perp KA$.
But, in light of Claim 2, this implies that lines $ISK$ and $AK$, are perpendicular, so ray $SI$ will intersect $\Gamma$ at $N$, the antipode of $A$.
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Sadigly
224 posts
#9
Y by
Easiest bash exercise

$(DEF)\in\mathbb{S}^1~D=d~E=e~F=f$
$A=\frac{2ef}{e+f}$
$B=\frac{2fd}{f+d}$
$C=\frac{2de}{d+e}$

$O=\frac{2def(d+e+f)}{(d+e)(e+f)(f+d)}$

$N=2O-A=\frac{2ef(d^2+de+df-ef)}{(d+e)(e+f)(f+d)}$

$S=\frac12(d+e+f-\frac{ef}{d})$

$\frac{s-i}{n-i}=\frac{(d+e+f-\frac{ef}{d})(d+e)(e+f)(f+d)}{4ef(d^2+de+df-ef)}=\frac{(d+e)(e+f)(f+d)}{4def}\in\mathbb{R}$
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by Sadigly, Apr 10, 2025, 1:56 AM
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