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k a May Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
May 1, 2025
May is an exciting month! National MATHCOUNTS is the second week of May in Washington D.C. and our Founder, Richard Rusczyk will be presenting a seminar, Preparing Strong Math Students for College and Careers, on May 11th.

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0 replies
jlacosta
May 1, 2025
0 replies
A sharp one with 3 var
mihaig   8
N 2 minutes ago by IceyCold
Source: Own
Let $a,b,c\geq0$ satisfying
$$\left(a+b+c-2\right)^2+8\leq3\left(ab+bc+ca\right).$$Prove
$$ab+bc+ca+abc\geq4.$$
8 replies
mihaig
May 13, 2025
IceyCold
2 minutes ago
Nice "if and only if" function problem
ICE_CNME_4   4
N 2 minutes ago by ICE_CNME_4
Let $f : [0, \infty) \to [0, \infty)$, $f(x) = \dfrac{ax + b}{cx + d}$, with $a, d \in (0, \infty)$, $b, c \in [0, \infty)$. Prove that there exists $n \in \mathbb{N}^*$ such that for every $x \geq 0$
\[
f_n(x) = \frac{x}{1 + nx}, \quad \text{if and only if } f(x) = \frac{x}{1 + x}, \quad \forall x \geq 0.
\](For $n \in \mathbb{N}^*$ and $x \geq 0$, the notation $f_n(x)$ represents $\underbrace{(f \circ f \circ \dots \circ f)}_{n \text{ times}}(x)$. )

Please do it at 9th grade level. Thank you!
4 replies
ICE_CNME_4
Yesterday at 7:23 PM
ICE_CNME_4
2 minutes ago
Reflections and midpoints in triangle
TUAN2k8   1
N 3 minutes ago by Funcshun840
Source: Own
Given an triangle $ABC$ and a line $\ell$ in the plane.Let $A_1,B_1,C_1$ be reflections of $A,B,C$ across the line $\ell$, respectively.Let $D,E,F$ be the midpoints of $B_1C_1,C_1A_1,A_1B_1$, respectively.Let $A_2,B_2,C_2$ be the reflections of $A,B,C$ across $D,E,F$, respectively.Prove that the points $A_2,B_2,C_2$ lie on a line parallel to $\ell$.
1 reply
TUAN2k8
2 hours ago
Funcshun840
3 minutes ago
Nice geometry
gggzul   1
N 7 minutes ago by ehuseyinyigit
Let $ABC$ be a acute triangle with $\angle BAC=60^{\circ}$. $H, O$ are the orthocenter and excenter. Let $D$ be a point on the same side of $OH$ as $A$, such that $HDO$ is equilateral. Let $P$ be a point on the same side of $BD$ as $A$, such that $BDP$ is equilateral. Let $Q$ be a point on the same side of $CD$ as $A$, such that $CDP$ is equilateral. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $AD$. Prove that $P, M, Q$ are collinear.
1 reply
gggzul
an hour ago
ehuseyinyigit
7 minutes ago
[PMO 17] Area Stage I. #14
NeoAzure   1
N an hour ago by LilKirb
14. In how many ways can Alex, Billy, and Charles split 7 identical marbles among themselves
so that no two have the same number of marbles? It is possible for someone not to get any
marbles.

Answer
1 reply
NeoAzure
2 hours ago
LilKirb
an hour ago
GCD/LCM equation (OTIS Mock AIME 2024 #10)
v_Enhance   13
N an hour ago by BossLu99
Compute the number of integers $b \in \{1,2,\dots,1000\}$ for which there exists positive integers $a$ and $c$ satisfying \[ \gcd(a,b) + \operatorname{lcm}(b,c) = \operatorname{lcm}(c,a)^3. \]
Kenny Tran
13 replies
v_Enhance
Jan 16, 2024
BossLu99
an hour ago
22nd PMO, Qualifying Stage II.6
elpianista227   1
N 2 hours ago by elpianista227
Find the sum of all real numbers $b$ for which the roots of the equation $x^2 + bx - 3b = 0$ are integers.
1 reply
elpianista227
2 hours ago
elpianista227
2 hours ago
[18th PMO Area Stage I. #4] logs + geo
ACalculationError   1
N 2 hours ago by ACalculationError
Let \( f(x) = \log_a x \) for some base \( a > 0 \), \( a \neq 1 \). The points \( (3, m) \), \( (x_1, y_1) \), and \( (x_2, y_2) \) lie on the graph of \( f \). If \(y_1 + y_2 = 2m\), find the value of \( x_1 x_2 \).

Answer Confirmation
1 reply
ACalculationError
3 hours ago
ACalculationError
2 hours ago
a tst 2013 test
Math2030   1
N 4 hours ago by Math2030
Given the sequence $(a_n):   a_1=1, a_2=11$ and $a_{n+2}=a_{n+1}+5a_{n}, n \geq 1$
. Prove that $a_n $not is a perfect square for all $n > 3$.
1 reply
Math2030
Today at 5:26 AM
Math2030
4 hours ago
[Sipnayan JHS] Semifinals Round B, Average, #2
LilKirb   1
N 4 hours ago by LilKirb
How many trailing zeroes are there in the base $4$ representation of $2015!$ ?
1 reply
LilKirb
5 hours ago
LilKirb
4 hours ago
2022 SMT Team Round - Stanford Math Tournament
parmenides51   5
N 5 hours ago by vanstraelen
p1. Square $ABCD$ has side length $2$. Let the midpoint of $BC$ be $E$. What is the area of the overlapping region between the circle centered at $E$ with radius $1$ and the circle centered at $D$ with radius $2$? (You may express your answer using inverse trigonometry functions of noncommon values.)


p2. Find the number of times $f(x) = 2$ occurs when $0 \le x \le 2022 \pi$ for the function $f(x) = 2^x(cos(x) + 1)$.


p3. Stanford is building a new dorm for students, and they are looking to offer $2$ room configurations:
$\bullet$ Configuration $A$: a one-room double, which is a square with side length of $x$,
$\bullet$ Configuration $B$: a two-room double, which is two connected rooms, each of them squares with a side length of $y$.
To make things fair for everyone, Stanford wants a one-room double (rooms of configuration $A$) to be exactly $1$ m$^2$ larger than the total area of a two-room double. Find the number of possible pairs of side lengths $(x, y)$, where $x \in N$, $y \in N$, such that $x - y < 2022$.


p4. The island nation of Ur is comprised of $6$ islands. One day, people decide to create island-states as follows. Each island randomly chooses one of the other five islands and builds a bridge between the two islands (it is possible for two bridges to be built between islands $A$ and $B$ if each island chooses the other). Then, all islands connected by bridges together form an island-state. What is the expected number of island-states Ur is divided into?


p5. Let $a, b,$ and $c$ be the roots of the polynomial $x^3 - 3x^2 - 4x + 5$. Compute $\frac{a^4 + b^4}{a + b}+\frac{b^4 + c^4}{b + c}+\frac{c^4 + a^4}{c + a}$.


p6. Carol writes a program that finds all paths on an 10 by 2 grid from cell (1, 1) to cell (10, 2) subject to the conditions that a path does not visit any cell more than once and at each step the path can go up, down, left, or right from the current cell, excluding moves that would make the path leave the grid. What is the total length of all such paths? (The length of a path is the number of cells it passes through, including the starting and ending cells.)


p7. Consider the sequence of integers an defined by $a_1 = 1$, $a_p = p$ for prime $p$ and $a_{mn} = ma_n + na_m$ for $m, n > 1$. Find the smallest $n$ such that $\frac{a_n^2}{2022}$ is a perfect power of $3$.


p8. Let $\vartriangle ABC$ be a triangle whose $A$-excircle, $B$-excircle, and $C$-excircle have radii $R_A$, $R_B$, and $R_C$, respectively. If $R_AR_BR_C = 384$ and the perimeter of $\vartriangle ABC$ is $32$, what is the area of $\vartriangle ABC$?


p9. Consider the set $S$ of functions $f : \{1, 2, . . . , 16\} \to \{1, 2, . . . , 243\}$ satisfying:
(a) $f(1) = 1$
(b) $f(n^2) = n^2f(n)$,
(c) $n |f(n)$,
(d) $f(lcm(m, n))f(gcd(m, n)) = f(m)f(n)$.
If $|S|$ can be written as $p^{\ell_1}_1 \cdot p^{\ell_2}_2 \cdot ... \cdot  p^{\ell_k}_k$ where $p_i$ are distinct primes, compute $p_1\ell_1+p_2\ell_2+. . .+p_k\ell_k$.


p10. You are given that $\log_{10}2 \approx 0.3010$ and that the first (leftmost) two digits of $2^{1000}$ are 10. Compute the number of integers $n$ with $1000 \le n \le 2000$ such that $2^n$ starts with either the digit $8$ or $9$ (in base $10$).


p11. Let $O$ be the circumcenter of $\vartriangle ABC$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$, and let $E$ and $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from $B$ and $C$, respectively, onto the opposite sides. $EF$ intersects $BC$ at $P$. The line passing through $O$ and perpendicular to $BC$ intersects the circumcircle of $\vartriangle ABC$ at $L$ (on the major arc $BC$) and $N$, and intersects $BC$ at $M$. Point $Q$ lies on the line $LA$ such that $OQ$ is perpendicular to $AP$. Given that $\angle BAC = 60^o$ and $\angle AMC = 60^o$, compute $OQ/AP$.


p12. Let $T$ be the isosceles triangle with side lengths $5, 5, 6$. Arpit and Katherine simultaneously choose points $A$ and $K$ within this triangle, and compute $d(A, K)$, the squared distance between the two points. Suppose that Arpit chooses a random point $A$ within $T$ . Katherine plays the (possibly randomized) strategy which given Arpit’s strategy minimizes the expected value of $d(A, K)$. Compute this value.


p13. For a regular polygon $S$ with $n$ sides, let $f(S)$ denote the regular polygon with $2n$ sides such that the vertices of $S$ are the midpoints of every other side of $f(S)$. Let $f^{(k)}(S)$ denote the polygon that results after applying f a total of k times. The area of $\lim_{k \to \infty} f^{(k)}(P)$ where $P$ is a pentagon of side length $1$, can be expressed as $\frac{a+b\sqrt{c}}{d}\pi^m$ for some positive integers $a, b, c, d, m$ where $d$ is not divisible by the square of any prime and $d$ does not share any positive divisors with $a$ and $b$. Find $a + b + c + d + m$.


p14. Consider the function $f(m) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(n - m)^2}{(2n)!}$ . This function can be expressed in the form $f(m) = \frac{a_m}{e} +\frac{b_m}{4}e$ for sequences of integers $\{a_m\}_{m\ge 1}$, $\{b_m\}_{m\ge 1}$. Determine $\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{2022b_m}{a_m}$.


p15. In $\vartriangle ABC$, let $G$ be the centroid and let the circumcenters of $\vartriangle BCG$, $\vartriangle CAG$, and $\vartriangle ABG$ be $I, J$, and $K$, respectively. The line passing through $I$ and the midpoint of $BC$ intersects $KJ$ at $Y$. If the radius of circle $K$ is $5$, the radius of circle $J$ is $8$, and $AG = 6$, what is the length of $KY$ ?



PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected here.
5 replies
parmenides51
Jun 30, 2022
vanstraelen
5 hours ago
[Sipnayan SHS] Finals Round, Difficult
LilKirb   1
N Today at 6:59 AM by LilKirb
Let $f$ be a polynomial with nonnegative integer coefficients. If $f(1) = 11$ and $f(11) = 2311$, what is the remainder when $f(10)$ is divided by $1000?$
1 reply
LilKirb
Today at 6:49 AM
LilKirb
Today at 6:59 AM
Inequalities
sqing   1
N Today at 3:50 AM by sqing
Let $ a,b> 0 ,\frac{a}{2b+1}+\frac{b}{3}+\frac{1}{2a+1} \leq 1.$ Prove that
$$  a^2+b^2 -ab\leq 1$$$$ a^2+b^2 +ab \leq3$$Let $ a,b,c> 0 , \frac{a}{2b+1}+\frac{b}{2c+1}+\frac{c}{2a+1} \leq 1.$ Prove that
$$    a +b +c +abc \leq 4$$
1 reply
sqing
Today at 3:11 AM
sqing
Today at 3:50 AM
Inequalities
sqing   19
N Today at 2:50 AM by sqing
Let $ a,b>0   $ . Prove that
$$ \frac{a}{a^2+a +2b+1}+ \frac{b}{b^2+2a +b+1}  \leq  \frac{2}{5} $$$$ \frac{a}{a^2+2a +b+1}+ \frac{b}{b^2+a +2b+1}  \leq  \frac{2}{5} $$
19 replies
sqing
May 13, 2025
sqing
Today at 2:50 AM
P on altitude and concurrent lines
Snakes   7
N Oct 3, 2022 by P2nisic
Source: Moldova TST 2017, B3
Let $\omega$ be the circumcircle of the acute nonisosceles triangle $\Delta ABC$. Point $P$ lies on the altitude from $A$. Let $E$ and $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from P to $CA$, $BA$ respectively. Circumcircle of triangle $\Delta AEF$ intersects the circle $\omega$ in $G$, different from $A$. Prove that the lines $GP$, $BE$ and $CF$ are concurrent.
7 replies
Snakes
Mar 6, 2017
P2nisic
Oct 3, 2022
P on altitude and concurrent lines
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: Moldova TST 2017, B3
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Snakes
10979 posts
#1 • 3 Y
Y by microsoft_office_word, Adventure10, Mango247
Let $\omega$ be the circumcircle of the acute nonisosceles triangle $\Delta ABC$. Point $P$ lies on the altitude from $A$. Let $E$ and $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from P to $CA$, $BA$ respectively. Circumcircle of triangle $\Delta AEF$ intersects the circle $\omega$ in $G$, different from $A$. Prove that the lines $GP$, $BE$ and $CF$ are concurrent.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Snakes, Mar 6, 2017, 7:50 PM
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rmtf1111
698 posts
#2 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Outline of the solution
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by rmtf1111, Mar 6, 2017, 8:05 PM
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FabrizioFelen
241 posts
#4 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Let $H=AP\cap BC$, since $PFBH$ and $AEPF$ is cyclic we get $\measuredangle ABC=\measuredangle FPA=\measuredangle FEA$ $\Longrightarrow$ $BCEF$ is cyclic, let $A'$ the antipode of $A$ wrt $\omega$ since $PF\parallel A'B$ and $PE\parallel CA'$ we get the perpendicular bisectors of $BF$ and $CE$ intersect in $PA'$ be that point $O$ $\Longrightarrow$ $O$ is the circumcenter of $\odot (BCEF)$ $\Longrightarrow$ $O,P, A'$ are collinear, it so easy note that $G=\overline {OPA'}\cap \omega$. On the other hand by radical axis in $\odot (AFE)$, $\odot (BCEF)$ and $\omega$ we get $AG$, $FE$, $BC$ are concurrent in $X$, let $Y$ $=$ $BE$ $\cap$ $CF$ $\Longrightarrow$ by Brocard's theorem in $\odot (BCEF)$ we get $OY$ $\perp$ $AX$, but $OG$ $\perp$ $AY$ hence $O$ $,$ $G$ $,$ $Y$ are collinear $\Longrightarrow$ $O$ $,$ $P$ $,$ $G$ $,$ $A'$ $,$ $Y$ are collinear hence $GP$, $BE$ and $CF$ are concurrent in $Y$.
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Itticantdomath
25 posts
#5 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
This is a very common miquel configuration.
$\angle AEP + \angle AFP = 90^{\circ}+90^{\circ} = 180^{\circ}$ impies $AEPF$ cyclic.
Similarly, we get $PDCE$ and $PDBF$ cyclic where $D$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $A$ to $BC$. From this we get $BCEF$ cyclic and $G$ its miquel point.
Let $BE \cap CF = X$. Also, let the center of $BCEF$ be $O$. From the miquel configuration, we have $G, X, O$ colinear. So, we reduce the problem into showing $X, P, O$ colinear.
$\angle FEP = \angle FEB - \angle PEX = \angle FCB - 90^{\circ} + \angle BEC = \angle FCB - \angle BCO = \angle FCO$. So, $EP$ meets $CO$ on the circle. Let this point be $Y$. Analogously, $FP$ meets $BO$ at $Z$ which is also on the circle.
Now we apply pascal's theorem to hexagon $BZFCYE$. We get our conclusion.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Itticantdomath, Apr 3, 2017, 6:06 PM
Reason: Mistake in latex
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AleksaS
41 posts
#6
Y by
Cool problem.
Similar solution as above.
Firstly we have that
$$\angle PEA =\angle PFA = 90^\circ$$from where we obtain that $PEFA$ is cyclic. Let $H$ be feet of altitude from $A$. Now from
$$\angle PFB = \angle PHB = 90^\circ$$and $$\angle PEC = \angle PHC = 90^\circ$$we obtain that $PFBH$ and $PEHC$ are cyclic too.
Now we are doing some angle chase.
$$\angle FBC = 180^\circ - \angle FPH =\angle FPA = \angle FEA = 180^\circ - \angle FEC$$With this we get that $BCFE$ is cyclic. Now let $T = BE \cap CF$. Let $O$ be circumcenter of $BCEF$. $G$ is Miquel point of the quadrilateral and the rest is the same as above so there is no point in writing it all over again :)
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dgreenb801
1896 posts
#7 • 1 Y
Y by math31415926535
See my solution on my Youtube channel here. It is very similar to FabrizioFelen's solution, but with a slight difference in the middle (I think his way is actually simpler).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rl6S_sU7rK4
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WolfusA
1900 posts
#8
Y by
You can work this up using Hong Kong 2001 Test 1 Q1.
$\definecolor{A}{RGB}{0,90,255}\color{A}\fbox{Solution}$
As I proved there, if you denote by $O$ the circumcenter of quadrilateral $BFEC$ then points $G,P,O$ lie on line perpendicular to $AG$. Now take $X$ as the intersection of lines $BE,CF$. By radical axis theorem and Brocard's theorem $OX$ is the line perpendicular to $AG$. There's only one line perpendicular to $AG$ passing through point $O$, thus $X\in GP.\blacksquare$
#1802
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by WolfusA, Oct 2, 2020, 11:53 AM
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P2nisic
406 posts
#9
Y by
$BEFC$ is cyclic.So from radical center $AG,EF,BC$ concur at $S$.
If $BE,CF$ concur at $T$ then $GT,GP$ are perpedicular to $SA$ so $G,T,P$ collinear so we are done
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