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k a May Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
May 1, 2025
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0 replies
jlacosta
May 1, 2025
0 replies
Interesting inequalities
sqing   5
N 9 minutes ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $ a,b,c\geq 0 , (a+k )(b+c)=k+1.$ Prove that
$$\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}+\frac{1}{c+1}\geq  \frac{2k-3+2\sqrt{k+1}}{3k-1}$$Where $ k\geq \frac{2}{3}.$
Let $ a,b,c\geq 0 , (a+1)(b+c)=2.$ Prove that
$$\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}+\frac{1}{c+1}\geq 2\sqrt{2}-1$$Let $ a,b,c\geq 0 , (a+3)(b+c)=4.$ Prove that
$$\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}+\frac{1}{c+1}\geq  \frac{7}{4}$$Let $ a,b,c\geq 0 , (3a+2)(b+c)= 5.$ Prove that
$$\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}+\frac{1}{c+1}\geq  \frac{2(2\sqrt{15}-5)}{3}$$
5 replies
1 viewing
sqing
Yesterday at 1:29 PM
sqing
9 minutes ago
ISI UGB 2025 P4
SomeonecoolLovesMaths   3
N 19 minutes ago by SomeonecoolLovesMaths
Source: ISI UGB 2025 P4
Let $S^1 = \{ z \in \mathbb{C} \mid |z| =1 \}$ be the unit circle in the complex plane. Let $f \colon S^1 \longrightarrow S^2$ be the map given by $f(z) = z^2$. We define $f^{(1)} \colon = f$ and $f^{(k+1)} \colon = f \circ f^{(k)}$ for $k \geq 1$. The smallest positive integer $n$ such that $f^{(n)}(z) = z$ is called the period of $z$. Determine the total number of points in $S^1$ of period $2025$.
(Hint : $2025 = 3^4 \times 5^2$)
3 replies
SomeonecoolLovesMaths
4 hours ago
SomeonecoolLovesMaths
19 minutes ago
ISI UGB 2025 P7
SomeonecoolLovesMaths   7
N 21 minutes ago by SomeonecoolLovesMaths
Source: ISI UGB 2025 P7
Consider a ball that moves inside an acute-angled triangle along a straight line, unit it hits the boundary, which is when it changes direction according to the mirror law, just like a ray of light (angle of incidence = angle of reflection). Prove that there exists a triangular periodic path for the ball, as pictured below.

IMAGE
7 replies
SomeonecoolLovesMaths
4 hours ago
SomeonecoolLovesMaths
21 minutes ago
R to R, with x+f(xy)=f(1+f(y))x
NicoN9   4
N 36 minutes ago by CM1910
Source: Own.
Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that\[
x+f(xy)=f(1+f(y))x
\]for all $x, y\in \mathbb{R}$.
4 replies
NicoN9
Today at 8:52 AM
CM1910
36 minutes ago
No more topics!
IMO 2018 Problem 4
orthocentre   54
N Apr 10, 2025 by zuat.e
Source: IMO 2018
A site is any point $(x, y)$ in the plane such that $x$ and $y$ are both positive integers less than or equal to 20.

Initially, each of the 400 sites is unoccupied. Amy and Ben take turns placing stones with Amy going first. On her turn, Amy places a new red stone on an unoccupied site such that the distance between any two sites occupied by red stones is not equal to $\sqrt{5}$. On his turn, Ben places a new blue stone on any unoccupied site. (A site occupied by a blue stone is allowed to be at any distance from any other occupied site.) They stop as soon as a player cannot place a stone.

Find the greatest $K$ such that Amy can ensure that she places at least $K$ red stones, no matter how Ben places his blue stones.

Proposed by Gurgen Asatryan, Armenia
54 replies
orthocentre
Jul 10, 2018
zuat.e
Apr 10, 2025
IMO 2018 Problem 4
G H J
Source: IMO 2018
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orthocentre
72 posts
#1 • 17 Y
Y by Durjoy1729, Moaaz, Carpemath, Davi-8191, anantmudgal09, Davrbek, Amir Hossein, yayitsme, OlympusHero, KhongMinh, megarnie, Lamboreghini, Adventure10, Mango247, DroneChaudhary, lian_the_noob12, deplasmanyollari
A site is any point $(x, y)$ in the plane such that $x$ and $y$ are both positive integers less than or equal to 20.

Initially, each of the 400 sites is unoccupied. Amy and Ben take turns placing stones with Amy going first. On her turn, Amy places a new red stone on an unoccupied site such that the distance between any two sites occupied by red stones is not equal to $\sqrt{5}$. On his turn, Ben places a new blue stone on any unoccupied site. (A site occupied by a blue stone is allowed to be at any distance from any other occupied site.) They stop as soon as a player cannot place a stone.

Find the greatest $K$ such that Amy can ensure that she places at least $K$ red stones, no matter how Ben places his blue stones.

Proposed by Gurgen Asatryan, Armenia
This post has been edited 3 times. Last edited by djmathman, Jun 16, 2020, 4:03 AM
Reason: problem author
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ArmOl
29 posts
#2 • 12 Y
Y by Vrangr, Filipjack, Carpemath, luizp, Promi, professional_idiot, OlympusHero, KhongMinh, Lamboreghini, Adventure10, Mango247, ehuseyinyigit
The problem is about chessboard and placing knights that don't hit each other :D
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SHARKYKESA
436 posts
#3 • 3 Y
Y by Carpemath, Adventure10, Mango247
jdevine wrote:
On her turn, Amy places a new red stone on an unoccupied site such that the distance $\sqrt{5}$.

Unfinished sentence fragment?
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USJL
540 posts
#4 • 10 Y
Y by Carpemath, yrnsmurf, Pallav123Goyal, UK2019Project, AlastorMoody, Wizard_32, tigerzhang, Adventure10, Mango247, BorivojeGuzic123
Sketch since I want to move on first :p
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orthocentre
72 posts
#5 • 4 Y
Y by MartinTang, Carpemath, Adventure10, Mango247
I'm not on the IMO ( :( ) so I haven't done the problem yet but it looks really nice; I really like combinatorial geometry.

Edit: wow, I thought it was combinatorial geometry when I first read it.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by orthocentre, Aug 8, 2018, 5:11 PM
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juckter
323 posts
#6 • 15 Y
Y by mathisawesome2169, Carpemath, yrnsmurf, yugrey, JAKE_XU, BobaFett101, MSTang, Pallav123Goyal, UK2019Project, tigerzhang, megarnie, Lamboreghini, ihatemath123, Adventure10, BorivojeGuzic123
Divide the numbers into $4 \times 4$ blocks and label them as follows

$$A B C D$$$$C D A B$$$$B A D C$$$$D C B A$$
Each of the four letters forms a cycle from which no two adjacent letters can be taken, so whenever Amy plays in one cycle, Ben plays in the opposite position in the cycle, so Amy can take at most one number from each cycle, and thus takes at most $100$ numbers.

To see that $K = 100$ is feasible simply color in a chessboard pattern and always take black points. There are 200 of them so at least 100 can be taken, and no two of them are at distance $\sqrt{5}$
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by juckter, Jul 10, 2018, 7:26 PM
Reason: Redacted dumb remark
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Itama
78 posts
#7 • 3 Y
Y by Carpemath, Adventure10, Mango247
That is it! I didn't solve it yet, but this years problems are really close to IMO 2015, one of the great years. So I like this!

1st and 4th problems of the last year, IMO 2017, NT(solution by mod 3) and Geo (solution by couple of triangular simmilarity) were just peace of kidding!!! :D
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Itama, Jul 10, 2018, 11:59 AM
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reality95
12 posts
#8 • 4 Y
Y by Carpemath, Snakes, Adventure10, Mango247
juckter wrote:
Really easy, even for P4.

Not so easy I think, there are some people who solved last year's P5 and didn't solve this one.
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Filipjack
873 posts
#9 • 2 Y
Y by Carpemath, Adventure10
This is actually incomplete.
This post has been edited 3 times. Last edited by Filipjack, Aug 11, 2018, 7:53 PM
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jameswang
2 posts
#10 • 3 Y
Y by Carpemath, Adventure10, Mango247
The example is based on a table with white and black.To prove it,you just need to study the 4*4table
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WizardMath
2487 posts
#11 • 10 Y
Y by Carpemath, enhanced, Amir Hossein, Mathlover1292, AlastorMoody, rashah76, megarnie, hakN, Adventure10, Mango247
Solution : We claim the required $K$ is $100$. We colour the lattice as shown :
[asy]
 /* Geogebra to Asymptote conversion, documentation at artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki go to User:Azjps/geogebra */
import graph; size(4.275865116895659cm); 
real labelscalefactor = 0.5; /* changes label-to-point distance */
pen dps = linewidth(0.7) + fontsize(10); defaultpen(dps); /* default pen style */ 
pen dotstyle = black; /* point style */ 
real xmin = -148.7496634482596, xmax = -144.47379833136395, ymin = 50.876351507806454, ymax = 55.226795667438786;  /* image dimensions */
pen wwqqcc = rgb(0.4,0.,0.8); pen ffdxqq = rgb(1.,0.8431372549019608,0.); pen ttffqq = rgb(0.2,1.,0.); 

filldraw(circle((-148.10000000000093,54.499629629629744), 0.3), wwqqcc, linewidth(2.) + wwqqcc); 
filldraw(circle((-147.10000000000093,54.499629629629744), 0.3), red, linewidth(2.) + red); 
filldraw(circle((-146.10000000000093,54.499629629629744), 0.3), ttffqq, linewidth(2.) + ttffqq); 
filldraw(circle((-145.10000000000093,54.499629629629744), 0.3), ffdxqq, linewidth(2.) + ffdxqq); 
filldraw(circle((-148.10000000000093,53.499629629629744), 0.3), ttffqq, linewidth(2.) + ttffqq); 
filldraw(circle((-147.10000000000093,53.499629629629744), 0.3), ffdxqq, linewidth(2.) + ffdxqq); 
filldraw(circle((-146.10000000000093,53.499629629629744), 0.3), wwqqcc, linewidth(2.) + wwqqcc); 
filldraw(circle((-145.10000000000093,53.499629629629744), 0.3), red, linewidth(2.) + red); 
filldraw(circle((-148.10000000000093,52.499629629629744), 0.3), red, linewidth(2.) + red); 
filldraw(circle((-147.10000000000093,52.499629629629744), 0.3), wwqqcc, linewidth(2.) + wwqqcc); 
filldraw(circle((-146.10000000000093,52.499629629629744), 0.3), ffdxqq, linewidth(2.) + ffdxqq); 
filldraw(circle((-145.10000000000093,52.499629629629744), 0.3), ttffqq, linewidth(2.) + ttffqq); 
filldraw(circle((-148.10000000000093,51.499629629629744), 0.3), ffdxqq, linewidth(2.) + ffdxqq); 
filldraw(circle((-147.10000000000093,51.499629629629744), 0.3), ttffqq, linewidth(2.) + ttffqq); 
filldraw(circle((-146.10000000000093,51.499629629629744), 0.3), red, linewidth(2.) + red); 
filldraw(circle((-145.10000000000093,51.499629629629744), 0.3), wwqqcc, linewidth(2.) + wwqqcc); 
 /* draw figures */
 /* dots and labels */
clip((xmin,ymin)--(xmin,ymax)--(xmax,ymax)--(xmax,ymin)--cycle); 
 /* end of picture */
[/asy]
Now observe that this colouring of the lattice divides it into squares of the same colour. Amy can't place a stone on two adjacent squares of this form. So if Ben places a stone on the opposite vertex of the square, then Amy can't place her stone on any vertex of this square. So at most $100$ red stones can be placed. Now to see that this is realizable, just notice that taking half of the points of the same colour in the usual chessboard colouring works.
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by WizardMath, Jul 11, 2018, 8:55 PM
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m.candales
186 posts
#12 • 5 Y
Y by Carpemath, AlbertHawking, Amir Hossein, Adventure10, Mango247
Consider a $20 \times 20$ chessboard, so that the lattice points are at the center of each cell. The centers of two cells are at distance $\sqrt{5}$ if and only if you can go from one cell to the other in one step of the knight.

Knights change colors on each step. Therefore, you can place knights on all of the cells of the same color, and no two of them will hit each other. Therefore, Amy can ensure she will place at least 100 stones, by placing all of them on cells of the same color.

Ben can ensure Amy won't be able to place more than 100 stones by following this strategy: Divide the chessboard in 25 small boards of $4 \times 4$. On each turn, Ben will place a stone in the same $4 \times 4$ board that Amy placed her last stone, in the cell that is symmetric to the cell where Amy placed her stone, with respect to the center of the $4 \times 4$ board.
To prove that, color a $4\times 4$ board as shown below. If Ben follows the outlined strategy, Amy won't be able to place stones on cells of the same color in a given $4\times 4$ board. This means Amy will be able to place at most 4 stones on each $4 \times 4$ board, and therefore at most 100 stones on the entire $20 \times 20$ chessboard.
$\textcolor{red}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{blue}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{green}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{yellow}{\blacksquare}$
$\textcolor{green}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{yellow}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{red}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{blue}{\blacksquare}$
$\textcolor{blue}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{red}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{yellow}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{green}{\blacksquare}$
$\textcolor{yellow}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{green}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{blue}{\blacksquare}\ \textcolor{red}{\blacksquare}$

We conclude the greatest possible value of $K$ is $100$
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yugrey
2326 posts
#13 • 3 Y
Y by Amir Hossein, Adventure10, Mango247
juckter wrote:
Divide the numbers into $4 \times 4$ blocks and label them as follows

$$A B C D$$$$C D A B$$$$B A D C$$$$D C B A$$
Each of the four letters forms a cycle from which no two adjacent letters can be taken, so whenever Amy plays in one cycle, Ben plays in the opposite position in the cycle, so Amy can take at most one number from each cycle, and thus takes at most $100$ numbers.

To see that $K = 100$ is feasible simply color in a chessboard pattern and always take black points. There are 200 of them so at least 100 can be taken, and no two of them are at distance $\sqrt{5}$

Really easy, even for P4.

This is also my solution. I did not find this "really easy" and I think if I was doing this in the contest it would have taken me almost as long as P3 took me!
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juckter
323 posts
#14 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Yeah, I think I grossly misjudged the difficulty of the solution. I had solved the some very similar problems before, so it felt very natural to adapt the idea to this problem.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by juckter, Jul 10, 2018, 7:30 PM
Reason: English is hard
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62861
3564 posts
#15 • 5 Y
Y by nguyenhaan2209, mathlogician, Wizard_32, Adventure10, Mango247
The answer is $K = 100$. Amy can obtain 100 red stones by only playing on checkerboard-colored black squares only.

Next we show that Ben can limit Amy to 100 red stones. Construct a graph $G$ on the sites with sites $\sqrt{5}$ away adjacent. If we can partition $G$ into 100 4-cycles, then Ben can play in the site opposite to the one by Amy in its cycle. This works as Amy can only get one stone in each 4-cycle.

To partition $G$ in this manner, first split it into 25 $4 \times 4$ subgrids, and then split each subgrid as follows.
[asy]
pair[][] A = {
{(0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)},
{(0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 0), (3, 2)},
{(0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 3), (3, 1)},
{(0, 3), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0)}};

for (int i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j += 1) {
filldraw(circle(A[i][j], 0.15), i % 2 == 0 ? (i == 0 ? lightred : lightgreen) : (i == 1 ? lightblue : lightcyan));
}}
[/asy]
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