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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
Spring is in full swing and summer is right around the corner, what are your plans? At AoPS Online our schedule has new classes starting now through July, so be sure to keep your skills sharp and be prepared for the Fall school year! Check out the schedule of upcoming classes below.

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[*]April 22nd (Webinar), 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Competitive Programming at AoPS (USACO).[/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Inequality with three conditions
oVlad   2
N 3 minutes ago by Quantum-Phantom
Source: Romania EGMO TST 2019 Day 1 P3
Let $a,b,c$ be non-negative real numbers such that \[b+c\leqslant a+1,\quad c+a\leqslant b+1,\quad a+b\leqslant c+1.\]Prove that $a^2+b^2+c^2\leqslant 2abc+1.$
2 replies
oVlad
Today at 1:48 PM
Quantum-Phantom
3 minutes ago
GCD Functional Equation
pinetree1   61
N 25 minutes ago by ihategeo_1969
Source: USA TSTST 2019 Problem 7
Let $f: \mathbb Z\to \{1, 2, \dots, 10^{100}\}$ be a function satisfying
$$\gcd(f(x), f(y)) = \gcd(f(x), x-y)$$for all integers $x$ and $y$. Show that there exist positive integers $m$ and $n$ such that $f(x) = \gcd(m+x, n)$ for all integers $x$.

Ankan Bhattacharya
61 replies
1 viewing
pinetree1
Jun 25, 2019
ihategeo_1969
25 minutes ago
An easy FE
oVlad   3
N 43 minutes ago by jasperE3
Source: Romania EGMO TST 2017 Day 1 P3
Determine all functions $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ such that \[f(xy-1)+f(x)f(y)=2xy-1,\]for any real numbers $x{}$ and $y{}.$
3 replies
oVlad
Today at 1:36 PM
jasperE3
43 minutes ago
Interesting F.E
Jackson0423   12
N an hour ago by jasperE3
Show that there does not exist a function
\[
f : \mathbb{R}^+ \to \mathbb{R}
\]satisfying the condition that for all \( x, y \in \mathbb{R}^+ \),
\[
f(x + y^2) \geq f(x) + y.
\]

~Korea 2017 P7
12 replies
Jackson0423
Apr 18, 2025
jasperE3
an hour ago
p^3 divides (a + b)^p - a^p - b^p
62861   49
N an hour ago by Ilikeminecraft
Source: USA January TST for IMO 2017, Problem 3
Prove that there are infinitely many triples $(a, b, p)$ of positive integers with $p$ prime, $a < p$, and $b < p$, such that $(a + b)^p - a^p - b^p$ is a multiple of $p^3$.

Noam Elkies
49 replies
62861
Feb 23, 2017
Ilikeminecraft
an hour ago
basically INAMO 2010/6
iStud   1
N an hour ago by Primeniyazidayi
Source: Monthly Contest KTOM April P1 Essay
Call $n$ kawaii if it satisfies $d(n)+\varphi(n)+1=n$ ($d(n)$ is the number of positive factors of $n$, while $\varphi(n)$ is the number of integers not more than $n$ that are relatively prime with $n$). Find all $n$ that is kawaii.
1 reply
iStud
2 hours ago
Primeniyazidayi
an hour ago
3D geometry theorem
KAME06   0
an hour ago
Let $M$ a point in the space and $G$ the centroid of a tetrahedron $ABCD$. Prove that:
$$\frac{1}{4}(AB^2+AC^2+AD^2+BC^2+BD^2+CD^2)+4MG^2=MA^2+MB^2+MC^2+MD^2$$
0 replies
KAME06
an hour ago
0 replies
Funny easy transcendental geo
qwerty123456asdfgzxcvb   1
N an hour ago by golue3120
Let $\mathcal{S}$ be a logarithmic spiral centered at the origin (ie curve satisfying for any point $X$ on it, line $OX$ makes a fixed angle with the tangent to $\mathcal{S}$ at $X$). Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a rectangular hyperbola centered at the origin, scaled such that it is tangent to the logarithmic spiral at some point.

Prove that for a point $P$ on the spiral, the polar of $P$ wrt. $\mathcal{H}$ is tangent to the spiral.
1 reply
qwerty123456asdfgzxcvb
4 hours ago
golue3120
an hour ago
domino question
kjhgyuio   0
an hour ago
........
0 replies
kjhgyuio
an hour ago
0 replies
demonic monic polynomial problem
iStud   0
2 hours ago
Source: Monthly Contest KTOM April P4 Essay
(a) Let $P(x)$ be a monic polynomial so that there exists another real coefficients $Q(x)$ that satisfy
\[P(x^2-2)=P(x)Q(x)\]Determine all complex roots that are possible from $P(x)$
(b) For arbitrary polynomial $P(x)$ that satisfies (a), determine whether $P(x)$ should have real coefficients or not.
0 replies
iStud
2 hours ago
0 replies
fun set problem
iStud   0
2 hours ago
Source: Monthly Contest KTOM April P2 Essay
Given a set $S$ with exactly 9 elements that is subset of $\{1,2,\dots,72\}$. Prove that there exist two subsets $A$ and $B$ that satisfy the following:
- $A$ and $B$ are non-empty subsets from $S$,
- the sum of all elements in each of $A$ and $B$ are equal, and
- $A\cap B$ is an empty subset.
0 replies
iStud
2 hours ago
0 replies
two tangent circles
KPBY0507   3
N 2 hours ago by Sanjana42
Source: FKMO 2021 Problem 5
The incenter and $A$-excenter of $\triangle{ABC}$ is $I$ and $O$. The foot from $A,I$ to $BC$ is $D$ and $E$. The intersection of $AD$ and $EO$ is $X$. The circumcenter of $\triangle{BXC}$ is $P$.
Show that the circumcircle of $\triangle{BPC}$ is tangent to the $A$-excircle if $X$ is on the incircle of $\triangle{ABC}$.
3 replies
KPBY0507
May 8, 2021
Sanjana42
2 hours ago
trolling geometry problem
iStud   0
2 hours ago
Source: Monthly Contest KTOM April P3 Essay
Given a cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$ with $BC<AD$ and $CD<AB$. Lines $BC$ and $AD$ intersect at $X$, and lines $CD$ and $AB$ intersect at $Y$. Let $E,F,G,H$ be the midpoints of sides $AB,BC,CD,DA$, respectively. Let $S$ and $T$ be points on segment $EG$ and $FH$, respectively, so that $XS$ is the angle bisector of $\angle{DXA}$ and $YT$ is the angle bisector of $\angle{DYA}$. Prove that $TS$ is parallel to $BD$ if and only if $AC$ divides $ABCD$ into two triangles with equal area.
0 replies
iStud
2 hours ago
0 replies
My hardest algebra ever created (only one solve in the contest)
mshtand1   6
N 3 hours ago by mshtand1
Source: Ukraine IMO TST P9
Find all functions \( f: (0, +\infty) \to (0, +\infty) \) for which, for all \( x, y > 0 \), the following identity holds:
\[
f(x) f(yf(x)) + y f(xy) = \frac{f\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)}{y} + \frac{f\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)}{x}
\]
Proposed by Mykhailo Shtandenko
6 replies
mshtand1
Apr 19, 2025
mshtand1
3 hours ago
Concyclic points
ryan17   13
N Jul 31, 2022 by ike.chen
Source: 2019 Polish MO Finals
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle. Points $X$ and $Y$ lie on the segments $AB$ and $AC$, respectively, such that $AX=AY$ and the segment $XY$ passes through the orthocenter of the triangle $ABC$. Lines tangent to the circumcircle of the triangle $AXY$ at points $X$ and $Y$ intersect at point $P$. Prove that points $A, B, C, P$ are concyclic.
13 replies
ryan17
Jul 9, 2019
ike.chen
Jul 31, 2022
Concyclic points
G H J
Source: 2019 Polish MO Finals
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ryan17
56 posts
#1 • 2 Y
Y by mathmax12, Adventure10
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle. Points $X$ and $Y$ lie on the segments $AB$ and $AC$, respectively, such that $AX=AY$ and the segment $XY$ passes through the orthocenter of the triangle $ABC$. Lines tangent to the circumcircle of the triangle $AXY$ at points $X$ and $Y$ intersect at point $P$. Prove that points $A, B, C, P$ are concyclic.
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MarkBcc168
1595 posts
#2 • 2 Y
Y by mathmax12, Adventure10
Let $C'$ be the $C$-antipode of $\triangle ABC$, $H$ be the orthocenter of $\triangle ABC$ and $M$ be the midpoint of arc $BC$ not containing $A$. Notice that $\triangle AC'M \sim\triangle XHA$ and $\triangle BC'M\sim\triangle XAP$ therefore
$$\frac{AP}{MC'} = \frac{XA}{BC'} = \frac{XA}{AH} = \frac{AM}{MC'}$$so $M=P$ which implies $P\in\odot(ABC)$.
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timon92
224 posts
#3 • 2 Y
Y by mathmax12, Adventure10
This problem was proposed by Burii.
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Hamel
392 posts
#5 • 3 Y
Y by RC., mathmax12, Adventure10
Define $H_b$, $H_c$ as the points symmetric to the sides $AC$ and $AB$ with respect to $H$ respectively. Simple angle chasing shows that $H_bY$ and $H_cX$ are tangent to $(AXY)$. That is enough to imply the result since, $\angle{TPA} = \angle{SPA}$ and $\frown{AT}=\frown{AS}$ in $(ABC)$. or through pascal
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AlastorMoody
2125 posts
#6 • 2 Y
Y by mathmax12, Adventure10
Since, $XY$ is not tangent to $\odot (AH)$ $\implies$ $CY \cap \odot (AH)=K$. Let $\Delta DEF$ be the orthic triangle $\implies$ $\angle XAK$ $=$ $\angle BXH-90^{\circ}$ $=$ $\frac{A}{2}$ $\implies$ $AK$ bisects $\angle BAC$ and $\Delta XAK$ $\cong $ $\Delta YAK$. Let $L$ be midpoint of arc $BC$ not containing $A$. Let $E',F'$ be reflection of $H$ over $E,F$ $\implies$ $\angle XF'F=\angle XHF$ $=$ $\angle BAL$ $=$ $\angle LF'F$ $\implies$ $X$ $\in$ $LF'$ and similarly, $Y$ $\in$ $LE'$. Also, $L$ $\in$ $AK$. Hence, If $AL$ $\cap$ $BE$ $=$ $M$ $\implies$ $BXML$ is cyclic $\implies$ $\angle XLA$ $=$ $90^{\circ}$ $-$ $A$ $\implies$ $\angle LXY$ $=$ $\angle LYX$ $=$ $A$
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Ali3085
214 posts
#7 • 3 Y
Y by Myriam2003, mathmax12, Adventure10
lemma:
let $AXY$ a triangle with $AX=AY$ and B is located on the line $XY$ then the locus of the reflection of$ B$ wrt $AX$ is the tangent through$ X$ to $(AXY)$
proof:
while the locus of $B$ is a line the the locus of $B'$ is also a line.
let$ B=X $the$ B'=X$ and let$ B=Y$ the its clear that $B'$ is on the tangent then the line is the tangent through $X$

now apply our lemma onto $\triangle AXY$ wrt $H$ the $H_B$ and $H_C $are on $X$-tangent and $Y$-tangent
it suffices to show that$ AH_BH_CP $are cyclic which is trivial since$\angle H_BPH_C=\angle XPY=180-A$ :D
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karitoshi
202 posts
#8 • 2 Y
Y by mathmax12, Adventure10
$P$ is anti-Steiner point of $XY$ wrt triangle $ABC$ => $Q.E.D$
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Mathematicsislovely
245 posts
#9 • 2 Y
Y by mathmax12, Adventure10
Bascially the above post but with some dtails:
$\angle PYX=\angle A$ and $\angle XYA=90^{\circ}-\angle A/2$ so $\angle PYC=90^{\circ}-\angle A/2=\angle XYA$ which means $PY$ is the reflection of $XY$ in $CA$.Similarly $PX$ is the reflection $XY$ in $AB$.So $P$ is anti-Steiner point of $XY$ wrt triangle $ABC$.So $P$ lies in the circumcircle of $ABC$
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Mathematicsislovely, Feb 12, 2020, 9:28 PM
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Steve12345
618 posts
#10 • 3 Y
Y by DPS, mathmax12, Adventure10
similar config : https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h89098p519896
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Math-Shinai
396 posts
#11 • 4 Y
Y by thegameisover, mathmax12, Mathlover_1, Adventure10
Reflect the Orthocenter across $AC, AB$ and name the points $H_B, H_C$ analogously. These points lie on the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$.
$\angle H_BYA = \angle HYX = \angle XYA = \angle AXY$, since $\triangle AXY$ is isosceles.
This implies that $H_B, Y, P$ are collinear, thus $H_C, X, P$ are collinear similarly.

Now It suffices to prove that $H_B, A, H_C, P$ are concyclic. This is trivial enough, as $\angle AH_BP = \angle AH_BY = \angle AHY = 180 - \angle AHX = 180 - \angle AXH_C = 180 - \angle AH_CP$

Q.E.D
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508669
1040 posts
#12 • 1 Y
Y by mathmax12
ryan17 wrote:
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle. Points $X$ and $Y$ lie on the segments $AB$ and $AC$, respectively, such that $AX=AY$ and the segment $XY$ passes through the orthocenter of the triangle $ABC$. Lines tangent to the circumcircle of the triangle $AXY$ at points $X$ and $Y$ intersect at point $P$. Prove that points $A, B, C, P$ are concyclic.

Easy to see that $\angle (\overline{AB}, \overline{XY}) = \angle (\overline{XY}, \overline{XP}) = \frac{\angle BAC}{2}$ and similarly $\angle (\overline{AC}, \overline{XY}) = \angle (\overline{XY}, \overline{YP}) = \frac{\angle BAC}{2}$. Therefore $P$ is the Anti-Steiner Point of $\overline{XY}$ wrt $\triangle ABC$ which means $P \in \odot(ABC)$ as desired.
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Mahdi_Mashayekhi
694 posts
#13
Y by
Let H1 and H2 be reflections of H across the AB and AC. We know AH1BCH2 is cyclic so we can prove AH1PH2 is cyclic in order to solve the problem.
∠H1AH2 = 2∠A and ∠XPY = 180 - 2∠A so we're Done.
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Mogmog8
1080 posts
#14 • 4 Y
Y by centslordm, megarnie, ike.chen, Mathlover_1
Let $H_B$ and $H_C$ be the reflections of $H$ in $\overline{AC}$ and $\overline{BC},$ respectively. Notice $H_B$ lies on $\overline{PY}$ since $$\angle AXH_C=\angle AXH=\angle AXY=\angle AYX.$$Also, $$\angle APH_C=\angle H_BPA=90-\angle XYP=90-\angle BAC=\angle ACH_C.$$$\square$
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ike.chen
1162 posts
#15
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Let $H$ be the orthocenter of $ABC$, $E = BH \cap AC$, $F = CH \cap AB$, the midpoint of minor arc $BC$ be $M_a$, the $A$-antipode wrt $(ABC)$ be $A_1$, and $N = AP \cap XY$. Because $AX = AY$, we know $A, N, P, M_a$ are collinear along the internal bisector of $\angle BAC$.

Since $BCEF$ is cyclic with diameter $BC$, we have $AENHF \sim ABM_aA_1C$, so $$\frac{AN}{AM_a} = \frac{AE}{AB} = \cos{A}.$$Now, observe that the isosceles condition gives $$\angle AXN = \frac{180^{\circ} - \angle XAY}{2} = \frac{\angle B + \angle C}{2}.$$Thus, the Ratio Lemma yields $$\frac{NA}{AP} = \frac{XN}{XP} \cdot \frac{\sin{NXA}}{\sin{AXP}} = \cos{NXP} \cdot \frac{\sin \left(\frac{\angle B + \angle C}{2} \right)}{\sin \left(\frac{\angle B + \angle C}{2} + \angle NXP \right)}$$$$= \cos{A} \cdot \frac{\sin \left( \frac{\angle B + \angle C}{2} \right)}{\sin \left( \frac{\angle B + \angle C}{2} + \angle A \right)} = \cos{A} = \frac{NA}{AM_a}$$so $AP = AM_a$. It follows that $P \equiv M_a$, which finishes. $\blacksquare$


Better: Just notice that $\overline{AXB}$ is the external bisector of $\angle NXP$, so $\frac{NA}{AP} = \frac{XN}{XP}$.
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