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k a May Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
May 1, 2025
May is an exciting month! National MATHCOUNTS is the second week of May in Washington D.C. and our Founder, Richard Rusczyk will be presenting a seminar, Preparing Strong Math Students for College and Careers, on May 11th.

Are you interested in working towards MATHCOUNTS and don’t know where to start? We have you covered! If you have taken Prealgebra, then you are ready for MATHCOUNTS/AMC 8 Basics. Already aiming for State or National MATHCOUNTS and harder AMC 8 problems? Then our MATHCOUNTS/AMC 8 Advanced course is for you.

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[*]May 21st, 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Mathcamp 2025 Qualifying Quiz Part 2 Math Jam, Problems 5 and 6, Canada/USA Mathcamp staff will discuss solutions to Problems 5 and 6 of the 2025 Mathcamp Qualifying Quiz![/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
May 1, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Geometry
MathsII-enjoy   4
N a few seconds ago by whwlqkd
Given triangle $ABC$ inscribed in $(O)$ with $M$ being the midpoint of $BC$. The tangents at $B, C$ of $(O)$ intersect at $D$. Let $N$ be the projection of $O$ onto $AD$. On the perpendicular bisector of $BC$, take a point $K$ that is not on $(O)$ and different from M. Circle $(KBC)$ intersects $AK$ at $F$. Lines $NF$ and $AM$ intersect at $E$. Prove that $AEF$ is an isosceles triangle.
4 replies
1 viewing
MathsII-enjoy
May 15, 2025
whwlqkd
a few seconds ago
order of a function greater than c*n-1
YLG_123   2
N an hour ago by SimplisticFormulas
Source: Brazil EGMO TST2 2024 #1
Let \( \mathbb{N} \) be the set of all positive integers. We say that a function \( f: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N} \) is Georgian if \( f(1) = 1 \) and, for every positive integer \( n \), there exists a positive integer \( k \) such that
\[
f^{(k)}(n) = 1, \quad \text{where } f^{(k)} = f \circ f \cdots \circ f \quad \text{(applied } k \text{ times)}.
\]If \( f \) is a Georgian function, we define, for each positive integer \( n \), \( \text{ord}(n) \) as the smallest positive integer \( m \) such that \( f^{(m)}(n) = 1 \). Determine all positive real numbers \( c \) for which there exists a Georgian function such that, for every positive integer \( n \geq 2024 \), it holds that \( \text{ord}(n) \geq cn - 1 \).
2 replies
YLG_123
Oct 12, 2024
SimplisticFormulas
an hour ago
Problem 5
blug   1
N an hour ago by Tintarn
Source: Czech-Polish-Slovak Junior Match 2025 Problem 5
For every integer $n\geq 1$ prove that
$$\frac{1}{n+1}-\frac{2}{n+2}+\frac{3}{n+3}-\frac{4}{n+4}+...+\frac{2n-1}{3n-1}>\frac{1}{3}.$$
1 reply
blug
Monday at 4:53 PM
Tintarn
an hour ago
1999 KJMO sum, square sum, cubic sum
RL_parkgong_0106   1
N 2 hours ago by JH_K2IMO
Source: 1999 KJMO
Three integers are given. $A$ denotes the sum of the integers, $B$ denotes the sum of the square of the integers and $C$ denotes the sum of cubes of the integers(that is, if the three integers are $x, y, z$, then $A=x+y+z$, $B=x^2+y^2+z^2$, $C=x^3+y^3+z^3$). If $9A \geq B+60$ and $C \geq 360$, find $A, B, C$.
1 reply
RL_parkgong_0106
Jun 30, 2024
JH_K2IMO
2 hours ago
prove triangles are similar
N.T.TUAN   58
N Monday at 2:55 PM by mathwiz_1207
Source: USA Team Selection Test 2007, Problem 5
Triangle $ ABC$ is inscribed in circle $ \omega$. The tangent lines to $ \omega$ at $ B$ and $ C$ meet at $ T$. Point $ S$ lies on ray $ BC$ such that $ AS \perp AT$. Points $ B_1$ and $ C_1$ lie on ray $ ST$ (with $ C_1$ in between $ B_1$ and $ S$) such that $ B_1T = BT = C_1T$. Prove that triangles $ ABC$ and $ AB_1C_1$ are similar to each other.
58 replies
N.T.TUAN
Dec 8, 2007
mathwiz_1207
Monday at 2:55 PM
RMM 2013 Problem 6
dr_Civot   15
N Monday at 8:09 AM by N3bula
A token is placed at each vertex of a regular $2n$-gon. A move consists in choosing an edge of the $2n$-gon and swapping the two tokens placed at the endpoints of that edge. After a finite number of moves have been performed, it turns out that every two tokens have been swapped exactly once. Prove that some edge has never been chosen.
15 replies
dr_Civot
Mar 3, 2013
N3bula
Monday at 8:09 AM
incircle excenter midpoints
danepale   9
N May 18, 2025 by Want-to-study-in-NTU-MATH
Source: Middle European Mathematical Olympiad T-6
Let the incircle $k$ of the triangle $ABC$ touch its side $BC$ at $D$. Let the line $AD$ intersect $k$ at $L \neq D$ and denote the excentre of $ABC$ opposite to $A$ by $K$. Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of $BC$ and $KM$ respectively.

Prove that the points $B, C, N,$ and $L$ are concyclic.
9 replies
danepale
Sep 21, 2014
Want-to-study-in-NTU-MATH
May 18, 2025
Three mutually tangent circles
math154   8
N May 17, 2025 by lakshya2009
Source: ELMO Shortlist 2011, G2
Let $\omega,\omega_1,\omega_2$ be three mutually tangent circles such that $\omega_1,\omega_2$ are externally tangent at $P$, $\omega_1,\omega$ are internally tangent at $A$, and $\omega,\omega_2$ are internally tangent at $B$. Let $O,O_1,O_2$ be the centers of $\omega,\omega_1,\omega_2$, respectively. Given that $X$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $P$ to $AB$, prove that $\angle{O_1XP}=\angle{O_2XP}$.

David Yang.
8 replies
math154
Jul 3, 2012
lakshya2009
May 17, 2025
Line AT passes through either S_1 or S_2
v_Enhance   89
N May 17, 2025 by zuat.e
Source: USA December TST for 57th IMO 2016, Problem 2
Let $ABC$ be a scalene triangle with circumcircle $\Omega$, and suppose the incircle of $ABC$ touches $BC$ at $D$. The angle bisector of $\angle A$ meets $BC$ and $\Omega$ at $E$ and $F$. The circumcircle of $\triangle DEF$ intersects the $A$-excircle at $S_1$, $S_2$, and $\Omega$ at $T \neq F$. Prove that line $AT$ passes through either $S_1$ or $S_2$.

Proposed by Evan Chen
89 replies
v_Enhance
Dec 21, 2015
zuat.e
May 17, 2025
Eight-point cicle
sandu2508   15
N May 16, 2025 by Mamadi
Source: Balkan MO 2010, Problem 2
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with orthocentre $H$, and let $M$ be the midpoint of $AC$. The point $C_1$ on $AB$ is such that $CC_1$ is an altitude of the triangle $ABC$. Let $H_1$ be the reflection of $H$ in $AB$. The orthogonal projections of $C_1$ onto the lines $AH_1$, $AC$ and $BC$ are $P$, $Q$ and $R$, respectively. Let $M_1$ be the point such that the circumcentre of triangle $PQR$ is the midpoint of the segment $MM_1$.
Prove that $M_1$ lies on the segment $BH_1$.
15 replies
sandu2508
May 4, 2010
Mamadi
May 16, 2025
RMM 2013 Problem 3
dr_Civot   79
N May 16, 2025 by Ilikeminecraft
Let $ABCD$ be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle $\omega$. The lines $AB$ and $CD$ meet at $P$, the lines $AD$ and $BC$ meet at $Q$, and the diagonals $AC$ and $BD$ meet at $R$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of the segment $PQ$, and let $K$ be the common point of the segment $MR$ and the circle $\omega$. Prove that the circumcircle of the triangle $KPQ$ and $\omega$ are tangent to one another.
79 replies
dr_Civot
Mar 2, 2013
Ilikeminecraft
May 16, 2025
Hard Inequality
Asilbek777   2
N May 14, 2025 by Ritwin
Waits for Solution
2 replies
Asilbek777
May 14, 2025
Ritwin
May 14, 2025
ISI UGB 2025 P7
SomeonecoolLovesMaths   12
N May 14, 2025 by ohiorizzler1434
Source: ISI UGB 2025 P7
Consider a ball that moves inside an acute-angled triangle along a straight line, unit it hits the boundary, which is when it changes direction according to the mirror law, just like a ray of light (angle of incidence = angle of reflection). Prove that there exists a triangular periodic path for the ball, as pictured below.

IMAGE
12 replies
SomeonecoolLovesMaths
May 11, 2025
ohiorizzler1434
May 14, 2025
angles in triangle
AndrewTom   34
N May 13, 2025 by happypi31415
Source: BrMO 2012/13 Round 2
The point $P$ lies inside triangle $ABC$ so that $\angle ABP = \angle PCA$. The point $Q$ is such that $PBQC$ is a parallelogram. Prove that $\angle QAB = \angle CAP$.
34 replies
AndrewTom
Feb 1, 2013
happypi31415
May 13, 2025
Parallelogram problem
Rushil   4
N Aug 6, 2023 by Krishijivi
Source: INMO 1997 Problem 1
Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram. Suppose a line passing through $C$ and lying outside the parallelogram meets $AB$ and $AD$ produced at $E$ and $F$ respectively. Show that \[ AC^2 + CE \cdot CF = AB \cdot AE + AD \cdot AF . \]
4 replies
Rushil
Oct 6, 2005
Krishijivi
Aug 6, 2023
Parallelogram problem
G H J
Source: INMO 1997 Problem 1
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Rushil
1592 posts
#1 • 1 Y
Y by Adventure10
Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram. Suppose a line passing through $C$ and lying outside the parallelogram meets $AB$ and $AD$ produced at $E$ and $F$ respectively. Show that \[ AC^2 + CE \cdot CF = AB \cdot AE + AD \cdot AF . \]
Z K Y
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yetti
2643 posts
#2 • 3 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247, and 1 other user
Denote $\alpha = \angle DAB,\ \beta = \angle ABC$ the parallelogram internal angles, $\alpha + \beta = 180^\circ$. Using the cosine theorem, for example, for the triangle $\triangle FDC$ together with $AB = DC$, we get

$CF = DC^2 + DF^2 - 2\ DC \cdot DF \cos \alpha = AB^2 + DF^2 - 2\ AB \cdot DF\ \cos \alpha$

$1= \left(\frac{AB}{CF}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{DF}{CF}\right)^2 - 2\ \frac{AB}{CF} \cdot \frac{DF}{CF}\ \cos \alpha$

The triangles $\triangle FDC \sim \triangle CBE$, because their corresponding side lines are parallel: $DC \parallel AB \equiv BE,\ DF \equiv AD \parallel BC$ and $CF \equiv CF$. Hence,

$\frac{AB}{CF} = \frac{DC}{CF} = \frac{BE}{CE}$

$\frac{DF}{CF} = \frac{BC}{CE} = \frac{AD}{CE}$

Substituting appropriately (i.e., not everywhere) for $\frac{AB}{CF},\ \frac{DF}{CF}$ into the last cosine theorem formula,

$1 = \frac{AB}{CF} \cdot \frac{BE}{CE} + \frac{AD}{CE} \cdot \frac{DF}{CF} - 2\ \frac{AB}{CF} \cdot \frac{AD}{CE}\ \cos \alpha$

Multiplying by the product $CE \cdot CF$ and substituting for $BE = AE - AB,\ DF = AF - AD$,

$CE \cdot CF = AB \cdot (AE - AB) + AD \cdot (AF - AD) - 2\ AB \cdot AD\ \cos \alpha$

$CE \cdot CF = AB \cdot AE + AD \cdot AF - (AB^2 + AD^2 + 2\ AB \cdot AD\ \cos \alpha)$

Finally, using the cosine theorem for the triangle $\triangle ABC$ together with $AD = BC,\ \cos \alpha = -\cos \beta$, we get

$AC^2 = AB^2 + BC^2 - 2\ AB \cdot BC\ \cos \beta = AB^2 + AD^2 + 2\ AB \cdot AD\ \cos \alpha$

Substituting this to the previous equation yields the desired result:

$CE \cdot CF = AB \cdot AE + AD \cdot AF - AC^2$
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darij grinberg
6555 posts
#3 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Rushil wrote:
Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram. Suppose a line passing through $C$ and lying outside the parallelogram meets $AB$ and $AD$ produced at $E$ and $F$ respectively. Show that \[ AC^2 + CE \cdot CF = AB \cdot AE + AD \cdot AF .  \]

Let's try to find a solution hiding the fact that this problem is nothing but a reformulation of Stewart's theorem...

Let the line AC meet the circumcircle of triangle AEF at G (apart from A). Then, by the intersecting chords theorem, $CE\cdot CF=AC\cdot CG$.
Let the line AC meet the circumcircle of triangle EBC at U (apart from C). Then, by the intersecting chords theorem, $AB\cdot AE=AU\cdot AC$.
Let the line AC meet the circumcircle of triangle FCD at V (apart from C). Then, by the intersecting chords theorem, $AD\cdot AF=AV\cdot AC$.

Hence, the equation that we have to prove, $AC^2 + CE \cdot CF = AB \cdot AE + AD \cdot AF$, becomes $AC^2+AC\cdot CG=AU\cdot AC+AV\cdot AC$. Division by AC transforms this into AC + CG = AU + AV.

Now, we will show that AU = VG. This will yield AC + CG = AG = VG + AV = AU + AV, and thus the problem will be solved.

The rest of the solution is angle chasing, so we will use directed angles modulo 180°.

Since the points E, B, C and U lie on one circle, < CUB = < CEB and < UBE = < UCE. In other words, < AUB = - < AEC and < UBA = - < ECA. Hence, the triangles AUB and AEC are oppositely similar, so that $\frac{AU}{AE}=\frac{AB}{AC}$.
Since the quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram, BC || AD, so that < EAF = < EBC. Since the points A, E, F and G lie on one circle, < EFG = < EAG and < EGF = < EAF. In other words, < EFG = - < CAB and < EGF = - < CBA (in fact, since < EAF = < EBC, the equation < EGF = < EAF becomes < EGF = < EBC = - < CBA). Hence, the triangles FGE and ABC are oppositely similar, so that $\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{FG}{FE}$.
Since the points F, C, D and V lie on one circle, < CVF = < CDF. Since the quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram, CD || AB, and thus < CDF = < EAF. Hence, < GVF = < CVF = < CDF = < EAF. Also, since the points A, E, F and G lie on one circle, < AGF = < AEF, what is equivalent to < VGF = < AEF. From < VGF = < AEF and < GVF = < EAF, it follows that the triangles VGF and AEF are directly similar, so that $\frac{FG}{FE}=\frac{VG}{AE}$.

Hence, $\frac{AU}{AE}=\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{FG}{FE}=\frac{VG}{AE}$, so that AU = VG, and we are done.

darij
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Virgil Nicula
7054 posts
#4 • 4 Y
Y by satej, Vasu090, Adventure10, Mango247
$BC\parallel AF\Longrightarrow \frac{AE}{AB}=\frac{FE}{FC}\Longrightarrow AB=\frac{AE\cdot FC}{EF}\ \ (1)\ .$

$CD\parallel AE\Longrightarrow \frac{AF}{AD}=\frac{EF}{EC}\Longrightarrow AD=\frac{AF\cdot EC}{EF}\ \ (2)\ .$

The Stewart's theorem in the triangle $AEF$ for the cevian-line $AC\Longrightarrow$

$AC^2\cdot EF+EF\cdot EC\cdot FC=AE^2\cdot CF+AF^2\cdot CE\Longrightarrow$

$AC^2+CE\cdot CF=AE\cdot \frac{AE\cdot FC}{EF}+AF\cdot \frac{AF\cdot EC}{EF}\ .$

From the relations $(1)$ and $(2)$ results: $AC^2+CE\cdot CF=AB\cdot AE+AD\cdot AF\ .$
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Krishijivi
100 posts
#5
Y by
By Thales theorem on ∆ EAF, BC|| AD
EB/ AB=CE/ CF
AE/ AB=EF/ CF( ADD 1 O BOTH SIDES)....(1)
By Thales theorem on ∆ EAF, DC||AE
ED/ AD=CF/ CE
AF/ AD=EF/ CE( ADD 1 O BOTH SIDES)....(2)
By Stewart theorem in ∆ EAF,
CE.CF.EF+AC².EF=AF².CE+AE².CF
AC²+CE.CF=AF²(CE/EF)+ AE²(CF/EF)
AC²+CE.CF=AF².(AD/ AF)+ AE²(AB/AE)[ From (1)&(2)]
AC²+CE.CF=AD.AF+ AB.AE( proved)
# Krishijivi
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