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k a May Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
May 1, 2025
May is an exciting month! National MATHCOUNTS is the second week of May in Washington D.C. and our Founder, Richard Rusczyk will be presenting a seminar, Preparing Strong Math Students for College and Careers, on May 11th.

Are you interested in working towards MATHCOUNTS and don’t know where to start? We have you covered! If you have taken Prealgebra, then you are ready for MATHCOUNTS/AMC 8 Basics. Already aiming for State or National MATHCOUNTS and harder AMC 8 problems? Then our MATHCOUNTS/AMC 8 Advanced course is for you.

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[*]May 21st, 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Mathcamp 2025 Qualifying Quiz Part 2 Math Jam, Problems 5 and 6, Canada/USA Mathcamp staff will discuss solutions to Problems 5 and 6 of the 2025 Mathcamp Qualifying Quiz![/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
May 1, 2025
0 replies
k i Adding contests to the Contest Collections
dcouchman   1
N Apr 5, 2023 by v_Enhance
Want to help AoPS remain a valuable Olympiad resource? Help us add contests to AoPS's Contest Collections.

Find instructions and a list of contests to add here: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c40244h1064480_contests_to_add
1 reply
dcouchman
Sep 9, 2019
v_Enhance
Apr 5, 2023
k i Zero tolerance
ZetaX   49
N May 4, 2019 by NoDealsHere
Source: Use your common sense! (enough is enough)
Some users don't want to learn, some other simply ignore advises.
But please follow the following guideline:


To make it short: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!
If you don't have common sense, don't post.


More specifically:

For new threads:


a) Good, meaningful title:
The title has to say what the problem is about in best way possible.
If that title occured already, it's definitely bad. And contest names aren't good either.
That's in fact a requirement for being able to search old problems.

Examples:
Bad titles:
- "Hard"/"Medium"/"Easy" (if you find it so cool how hard/easy it is, tell it in the post and use a title that tells us the problem)
- "Number Theory" (hey guy, guess why this forum's named that way¿ and is it the only such problem on earth¿)
- "Fibonacci" (there are millions of Fibonacci problems out there, all posted and named the same...)
- "Chinese TST 2003" (does this say anything about the problem¿)
Good titles:
- "On divisors of a³+2b³+4c³-6abc"
- "Number of solutions to x²+y²=6z²"
- "Fibonacci numbers are never squares"


b) Use search function:
Before posting a "new" problem spend at least two, better five, minutes to look if this problem was posted before. If it was, don't repost it. If you have anything important to say on topic, post it in one of the older threads.
If the thread is locked cause of this, use search function.

Update (by Amir Hossein). The best way to search for two keywords in AoPS is to input
[code]+"first keyword" +"second keyword"[/code]
so that any post containing both strings "first word" and "second form".


c) Good problem statement:
Some recent really bad post was:
[quote]$lim_{n\to 1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{n}-lnn$[/quote]
It contains no question and no answer.
If you do this, too, you are on the best way to get your thread deleted. Write everything clearly, define where your variables come from (and define the "natural" numbers if used). Additionally read your post at least twice before submitting. After you sent it, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.


For answers to already existing threads:


d) Of any interest and with content:
Don't post things that are more trivial than completely obvious. For example, if the question is to solve $x^{3}+y^{3}=z^{3}$, do not answer with "$x=y=z=0$ is a solution" only. Either you post any kind of proof or at least something unexpected (like "$x=1337, y=481, z=42$ is the smallest solution). Someone that does not see that $x=y=z=0$ is a solution of the above without your post is completely wrong here, this is an IMO-level forum.
Similar, posting "I have solved this problem" but not posting anything else is not welcome; it even looks that you just want to show off what a genius you are.

e) Well written and checked answers:
Like c) for new threads, check your solutions at least twice for mistakes. And after sending, read it again and use the Edit-Button if necessary to correct errors.



To repeat it: ALWAYS USE YOUR COMMON SENSE IF POSTING!


Everything definitely out of range of common sense will be locked or deleted (exept for new users having less than about 42 posts, they are newbies and need/get some time to learn).

The above rules will be applied from next monday (5. march of 2007).
Feel free to discuss on this here.
49 replies
ZetaX
Feb 27, 2007
NoDealsHere
May 4, 2019
Number Theory Chain!
JetFire008   62
N 7 minutes ago by whwlqkd
I will post a question and someone has to answer it. Then they have to post a question and someone else will answer it and so on. We can only post questions related to Number Theory and each problem should be more difficult than the previous. Let's start!

Question 1
62 replies
+1 w
JetFire008
Apr 7, 2025
whwlqkd
7 minutes ago
Inequality with ^3+b^3+c^3+3abc=6
bel.jad5   6
N 9 minutes ago by sqing
Source: Own
Let $a,b,c\geq 0$ and $a^3+b^3+c^3+3abc=6$. Prove that:
\[ \frac{a^2+1}{a+1}+\frac{b^2+1}{b+1}+\frac{c^2+1}{c+1} \geq 3\]
6 replies
+1 w
bel.jad5
Sep 2, 2018
sqing
9 minutes ago
Inequality with x+y+z=1.
FrancoGiosefAG   4
N 11 minutes ago by sqing
Let $x,y,z$ be positive real numbers such that $x+y+z=1$. Show that
\[ \frac{x^2-yz}{x^2+x}+\frac{y^2-zx}{y^2+y}+\frac{z^2-xy}{z^2+z}\leq 0. \]
4 replies
FrancoGiosefAG
Yesterday at 8:36 PM
sqing
11 minutes ago
Geometry
MathsII-enjoy   4
N 23 minutes ago by whwlqkd
Given triangle $ABC$ inscribed in $(O)$ with $M$ being the midpoint of $BC$. The tangents at $B, C$ of $(O)$ intersect at $D$. Let $N$ be the projection of $O$ onto $AD$. On the perpendicular bisector of $BC$, take a point $K$ that is not on $(O)$ and different from M. Circle $(KBC)$ intersects $AK$ at $F$. Lines $NF$ and $AM$ intersect at $E$. Prove that $AEF$ is an isosceles triangle.
4 replies
MathsII-enjoy
May 15, 2025
whwlqkd
23 minutes ago
order of a function greater than c*n-1
YLG_123   2
N an hour ago by SimplisticFormulas
Source: Brazil EGMO TST2 2024 #1
Let \( \mathbb{N} \) be the set of all positive integers. We say that a function \( f: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N} \) is Georgian if \( f(1) = 1 \) and, for every positive integer \( n \), there exists a positive integer \( k \) such that
\[
f^{(k)}(n) = 1, \quad \text{where } f^{(k)} = f \circ f \cdots \circ f \quad \text{(applied } k \text{ times)}.
\]If \( f \) is a Georgian function, we define, for each positive integer \( n \), \( \text{ord}(n) \) as the smallest positive integer \( m \) such that \( f^{(m)}(n) = 1 \). Determine all positive real numbers \( c \) for which there exists a Georgian function such that, for every positive integer \( n \geq 2024 \), it holds that \( \text{ord}(n) \geq cn - 1 \).
2 replies
1 viewing
YLG_123
Oct 12, 2024
SimplisticFormulas
an hour ago
Problem 5
blug   1
N an hour ago by Tintarn
Source: Czech-Polish-Slovak Junior Match 2025 Problem 5
For every integer $n\geq 1$ prove that
$$\frac{1}{n+1}-\frac{2}{n+2}+\frac{3}{n+3}-\frac{4}{n+4}+...+\frac{2n-1}{3n-1}>\frac{1}{3}.$$
1 reply
blug
Monday at 4:53 PM
Tintarn
an hour ago
1999 KJMO sum, square sum, cubic sum
RL_parkgong_0106   1
N 2 hours ago by JH_K2IMO
Source: 1999 KJMO
Three integers are given. $A$ denotes the sum of the integers, $B$ denotes the sum of the square of the integers and $C$ denotes the sum of cubes of the integers(that is, if the three integers are $x, y, z$, then $A=x+y+z$, $B=x^2+y^2+z^2$, $C=x^3+y^3+z^3$). If $9A \geq B+60$ and $C \geq 360$, find $A, B, C$.
1 reply
RL_parkgong_0106
Jun 30, 2024
JH_K2IMO
2 hours ago
system of equations
JanHaj   4
N 3 hours ago by justaguy_69
Source: Kosovo National Olympiad 2025, Grade 7, Problem 2
Find all real numbers $a$ and $b$ that satisfy the system of equations:
$$\begin{cases}
 a &= \frac{2}{a+b} \\
 \\
 b &= \frac{2}{3a-b} \\ 
\end{cases}$$
4 replies
JanHaj
Nov 17, 2024
justaguy_69
3 hours ago
IMO Shortlist 2012, Algebra 2
lyukhson   26
N 3 hours ago by ezpotd
Source: IMO Shortlist 2012, Algebra 2
Let $\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Q}$ be the sets of integers and rationals respectively.
a) Does there exist a partition of $\mathbb{Z}$ into three non-empty subsets $A,B,C$ such that the sets $A+B, B+C, C+A$ are disjoint?
b) Does there exist a partition of $\mathbb{Q}$ into three non-empty subsets $A,B,C$ such that the sets $A+B, B+C, C+A$ are disjoint?

Here $X+Y$ denotes the set $\{ x+y : x \in X, y \in Y \}$, for $X,Y \subseteq \mathbb{Z}$ and for $X,Y \subseteq \mathbb{Q}$.
26 replies
lyukhson
Jul 29, 2013
ezpotd
3 hours ago
Count the number of balanced colorings
TUAN2k8   4
N 3 hours ago by aidan0626
Source: A book
Given a $2n \times 2n$ grid ($n \in \mathbb{Z}^{+}$), we color some of its cells black.A coloring is called balanced if each row and each cell contains exactly $n$ black cells.Detemine the number of balanced colorings.
4 replies
TUAN2k8
4 hours ago
aidan0626
3 hours ago
Sneaky one
Sunjee   5
N 3 hours ago by TBazar
Find minimum and maximum value of following function.
$$f(x,y)=\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+\sqrt{(x-2)^2+(y-1)^2}}{\sqrt{x^2+(y-1)^2}+\sqrt{(x-2)^2+y^2}} $$
5 replies
Sunjee
May 16, 2025
TBazar
3 hours ago
Tangencies with cyclic quadrilateral
tapir1729   21
N 4 hours ago by Mathandski
Source: TSTST 2024, problem 4
Let $ABCD$ be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle with center $O$ and $E$ be the intersection of segments $AC$ and $BD$. Let $\omega_1$ be the circumcircle of $ADE$ and $\omega_2$ be the circumcircle of $BCE$. The tangent to $\omega_1$ at $A$ and the tangent to $\omega_2$ at $C$ meet at $P$. The tangent to $\omega_1$ at $D$ and the tangent to $\omega_2$ at $B$ meet at $Q$. Show that $OP=OQ$.

Merlijn Staps
21 replies
tapir1729
Jun 24, 2024
Mathandski
4 hours ago
Binary multiples of three
tapir1729   8
N 4 hours ago by Mathandski
Source: TSTST 2024, problem 5
For a positive integer $k$, let $s(k)$ denote the number of $1$s in the binary representation of $k$. Prove that for any positive integer $n$,
\[\sum_{i=1}^{n}(-1)^{s(3i)} > 0.\]Holden Mui
8 replies
tapir1729
Jun 24, 2024
Mathandski
4 hours ago
IMO 2018 Problem 2
juckter   98
N 4 hours ago by ezpotd
Find all integers $n \geq 3$ for which there exist real numbers $a_1, a_2, \dots a_{n + 2}$ satisfying $a_{n + 1} = a_1$, $a_{n + 2} = a_2$ and
$$a_ia_{i + 1} + 1 = a_{i + 2},$$for $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$.

Proposed by Patrik Bak, Slovakia
98 replies
juckter
Jul 9, 2018
ezpotd
4 hours ago
Cevian Triangle with Perpendiculars
v_Enhance   4
N Jul 7, 2020 by amar_04
Source: ELMO 2014 Shortlist G10, by Sammy Luo
We are given triangles $ABC$ and $DEF$ such that $D\in BC, E\in CA, F\in AB$, $AD\perp EF, BE\perp FD, CF\perp DE$. Let the circumcenter of $DEF$ be $O$, and let the circumcircle of $DEF$ intersect $BC,CA,AB$ again at $R,S,T$ respectively. Prove that the perpendiculars to $BC,CA,AB$ through $D,E,F$ respectively intersect at a point $X$, and the lines $AR,BS,CT$ intersect at a point $Y$, such that $O,X,Y$ are collinear.

Proposed by Sammy Luo
4 replies
v_Enhance
Jul 24, 2014
amar_04
Jul 7, 2020
Cevian Triangle with Perpendiculars
G H J
G H BBookmark kLocked kLocked NReply
Source: ELMO 2014 Shortlist G10, by Sammy Luo
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v_Enhance
6877 posts
#1 • 5 Y
Y by narutomath96, swamih, Gaussian_cyber, Adventure10, swynca
We are given triangles $ABC$ and $DEF$ such that $D\in BC, E\in CA, F\in AB$, $AD\perp EF, BE\perp FD, CF\perp DE$. Let the circumcenter of $DEF$ be $O$, and let the circumcircle of $DEF$ intersect $BC,CA,AB$ again at $R,S,T$ respectively. Prove that the perpendiculars to $BC,CA,AB$ through $D,E,F$ respectively intersect at a point $X$, and the lines $AR,BS,CT$ intersect at a point $Y$, such that $O,X,Y$ are collinear.

Proposed by Sammy Luo
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XmL
552 posts
#2 • 4 Y
Y by narutomath96, Adventure10, Mango247, and 1 other user
We know that $AD,BE,CF$ concur at the orthocenter of $DEF$, denoted by $H$. Let $X'$ denote the isogonal conjugate of $H$ wrt $ABC$, If $DEF$ isn't the pedal triangle of $X'$, then its pedal triangle is homothetic with $DEF$ which is impossible since the lines that connect the corresponding points of the two homothetic triangles don't concur. Hence $X'\equiv X$. It's a well known property of isogonal conjugates that $O,X,H$ are collinear and $RST$ is the pedal triangle of $H$.

We will prove that $BS\cap CT=Y'$ lies on line $OXH$, in which it's clear that the concurrence at $Y$ follows. Apply Pappus' theorem on $CES,BFT$ and we have $H,Y',ET\cap FS$ are collinear. Let $HS,HT\cap (O)=S',T'$ again and since $SS'\cap TT'=O$, by Pascal theorem we have $O,H,ET\cap FS$ are collinear and hence $O,X,H,ET\cap FS,Y'$ are collinear and we are done.
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TelvCohl
2312 posts
#3 • 5 Y
Y by Gaussian_cyber, Ru83n05, Adventure10, Mango247, and 1 other user
My solution:

Since the lines through $ A, B, C $ and perpendicular to $ EF, FD, DE $ are concurrent at the orthocenter of $\triangle DEF $ ,
so $ \triangle DEF $ and $ \triangle ABC $ are orthologic $ \Longrightarrow $ the perpendiculars through $ D, E, F $ to $ BC, CA, AB $ are concurrent at $ X $ .

Since $ AD, BE, CF $ are concurrent ,
so by Terquem theorem we get $ AR, BS, CT $ are concurrent at $ Y $ .

Since $ \triangle RST $ is the pedal triangle of $ X' $ ($ X' $ is the isogonal conjugate of $ X $ ) ,
so the line passing $ A, B, C $ and perpendicular to $ ST, TR, RS $ are concurrent at $ X $ ,
hence by Sondat theorem (for $\triangle ABC $ and $\triangle RST $ ) we get $ Y, X', X $ are collinear.
ie. $ X, O, Y $ are collinear

Q.E.D

Remark:

(1) Easy to see $ X' = AD \cap BE \cap BF $ which is the orthocenter of $\triangle DEF $

(2) Another interesting property in this configuration :
Denote $ O' $ as the circumcenter of $ \triangle ABC $ , then the isogonal conjugate of $ Y $ lie on $ O'H $ .
(see http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h366335 )
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by TelvCohl, Apr 13, 2015, 12:53 AM
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JuanOrtiz
366 posts
#4 • 2 Y
Y by Adventure10, Mango247
Here is my solution.

Let $H$ be the orthocenter of $DEF$, which clearly lies on $AD,BE,CF$. By Desargues on $EDF,CH_DB$, where $H_D$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $D$ to $EF$ (define $H_E,H_F$ similarly), we get that $H_EH_F,EF,CB$ are concurrent and therefore $D(T,E,H,F)$ is a harmonic pencil, and so $TEH_DF$ is a harmonic quadrilateral. Thus if $H_D'$ is the reflection of $H_D$ across the perpendicular bisector of $EF$ (which is also clearly the point diametrically opposite to $D$), since $TH_D$ is symmedian of $TEF$ we get that $TH_D'$ is a median of $TEF$. Thus $T$ lies on $MH_D'$, where $M$ is the midpoint of $EF$, but $H$ also lies here, and so these 4 points are collinear. Therefore, $\boxed{\angle HTF=90}$ (since $DH_D'$ is a diameter).

Reflecting $\ell$, the line perpendicular to $CB$ that passes through $D$, through $O$, it is easily seen that it transforms into line $TH$. The analogous happens for $E$ and $F$. Thus the three original lines are concurrent at the reflection of $H$ through $O$. Therefore, $X$ is the reflection of $H$ through $O$. We must now prove $Y$ exists and lies on the Euler line of $\triangle DEF$.

To this end, we invert through $H$ with any radius. Let $Z'$ denote the inverse of $Z$ for any point $Z \neq H$. Lines $HD,HE,HF$ invert to themselves. Notice that the circle $HEH_DH_FS$ has a diameter $HE$, and hence its inverse is a line perpendicular to $HE$ (the analogous applies to $HD,HF$). From this we gather that $D',E',F'$ are the feet of the altitudes in a triangle, and that $S,R,T$ lie on the sides. Since $DEFSRT$ are concyclic, so are their inverses and so $S', R', T'$ are the midpoints of said triangle, and their circumcenter is the 9-point circle. Finally, since $\angle HSA=\angle HTA=90$, we gather that $STAH$ are cyclic, so $S',T',A'$ are collinear. From this, $A'=T'S' \cap HD'$. The analogous occurs for $B',C'$. From now on, for convenience, let $Z$ denote what we previously denoted by $Z'$, for any letter $Z$. Let the big triangle be $XYZ$.

The question is now to prove that the circumcenters of $HTC,HRA,HSB$ have the Euler line of $XYZ$ as a common radical axis (since $O$ inverted to a point on this line, because it also contains the circumcenter of $DEF$, and $H$ and $O$ are collinear with this circumcenter by symmetry). Let $G$ be the barycenter of $XYZ$, let's prove that $G$ has the same power of a point to all 3 circles.

Let $Z_0$ be the intersection of $ZT$ and the 9-point circle. Then $(ZZ_0)(ZT)=(ZS)(ZE)=(ZC)(ZH)$ since $HCSE$ is cyclic because $\angle HCS= \angle HES=90$. Then $THCZ_0$ are concyclic. But $ZT$ is the median of $XYZ$, and so $G$ lies on it. Therefore $G$ has the same power of a point to the circumcircle of $THCZ_0$ than to the 9-point circle, and by analogy we are done. $\blacksquare \text{ Q.E.D}$.
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by JuanOrtiz, Apr 13, 2015, 12:09 AM
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amar_04
1916 posts
#5 • 6 Y
Y by GeoMetrix, Bumblebee60, Gaussian_cyber, Ru83n05, Mango247, Mango247
ELMOSL 2014 G10 wrote:
We are given triangles $ABC$ and $DEF$ such that $D\in BC, E\in CA, F\in AB$, $AD\perp EF, BE\perp FD, CF\perp DE$. Let the circumcenter of $DEF$ be $O$, and let the circumcircle of $DEF$ intersect $BC,CA,AB$ again at $R,S,T$ respectively. Prove that the perpendiculars to $BC,CA,AB$ through $D,E,F$ respectively intersect at a point $X$, and the lines $AR,BS,CT$ intersect at a point $Y$, such that $O,X,Y$ are collinear.

Proposed by Sammy Luo

Clearly $AD,BE,CF$ are concurrent at the Orthocenter $U$ of $\Delta DEF$. So, $AR,BS,CT$ are concurrent at the Cyclocevian Conjugate $(Y)$ of $U$ WRT $\Delta ABC$ $(\bigstar)$. Also Clearly $\{\Delta ABC,\Delta DEF\}$ are Orthologic, so the perpendiculars to $BC,CA,AB$ through $D,E,F$ concurs at $X$. Now notice that the Perpendiculars from $R,S,T$ to $BC,CA,AB$ respectively concurs at a point $X^*$ which is the Isogonal Conjugate of $X$. Also the perpendiculars from $A,B,C$ to $ST,RT,SR$ are concurrent at $X$. Hence, $\{\Delta ABC,\Delta RST\}$ are Orthologic with centers of Orthology $\{X,X^*\}$. Also from $(\bigstar)$ we get that $\{\Delta ABC,\Delta RST\}$ are perspective. So, by Sondat's Theorem $Y\in\overline{XX^*}$ but $O\in\overline{XX^*}$. Hence. $\overline{O-X-Y}$. $\blacksquare$
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