Difference between revisions of "2018 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 20"
(→Solution 3) |
|||
(40 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | A scanning code consists of a <math>7 \times 7</math> grid of squares, with some of its squares colored black and the rest colored white. There must be at least one square of each color in this grid of <math>49</math> squares. A scanning code is called | + | {{duplicate|[[2018 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 20|2018 AMC 10A #20]] and [[2018 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 15|2018 AMC 12A #15]]}} |
+ | |||
+ | ==Problem== | ||
+ | |||
+ | A scanning code consists of a <math>7 \times 7</math> grid of squares, with some of its squares colored black and the rest colored white. There must be at least one square of each color in this grid of <math>49</math> squares. A scanning code is called <math>\textit{symmetric}</math> if its look does not change when the entire square is rotated by a multiple of <math>90 ^{\circ}</math> counterclockwise around its center, nor when it is reflected across a line joining opposite corners or a line joining midpoints of opposite sides. What is the total number of possible symmetric scanning codes? | ||
<math>\textbf{(A)} \text{ 510} \qquad \textbf{(B)} \text{ 1022} \qquad \textbf{(C)} \text{ 8190} \qquad \textbf{(D)} \text{ 8192} \qquad \textbf{(E)} \text{ 65,534}</math> | <math>\textbf{(A)} \text{ 510} \qquad \textbf{(B)} \text{ 1022} \qquad \textbf{(C)} \text{ 8190} \qquad \textbf{(D)} \text{ 8192} \qquad \textbf{(E)} \text{ 65,534}</math> | ||
+ | ==Solution 1== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Draw a <math>7 \times 7</math> square. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath> \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | K & J & H & G & H & J & K \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | J & F & E & D & E & F & J \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | H & E & C & B & C & E & H \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | G & D & B & A & B & D & G \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | H & E & C & B & C & E & H \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | J & F & E & D & E & F & J \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | K & J & H & G & H & J & K \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | \end{tabular} </cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Start from the center and label all protruding cells symmetrically. (Note that "I" is left out of this labelling, so there are only 10 labels, not 11, as ending in K would suggest!) | ||
+ | |||
+ | More specifically, since there are <math>4</math> given lines of symmetry (<math>2</math> diagonals, <math>1</math> vertical, <math>1</math> horizontal) and they split the plot into <math>8</math> equivalent sections, we can take just one-eighth and study it in particular. Each of these sections has <math>10</math> distinct sub-squares, whether partially or in full. So since each can be colored either white or black, we choose <math>2^{10}=1024</math> but then subtract the <math>2</math> cases where all are white or all are black. That leaves us with <math>\fbox{\textbf{(B)} \text{ 1022}}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | There are only ten squares we get to actually choose, and two independent choices for each, for a total of <math>2^{10} = 1024</math> codes. Two codes must be subtracted (due to the rule that there must be at least one square of each color) for an answer of <math>\fbox{\textbf{(B) }1022}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Note that this problem is very similar to the 1996 AIME Problem 7 https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/1996_AIME_Problems/Problem_7. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 2== | ||
+ | |||
+ | <asy> | ||
+ | size(100pt); | ||
+ | draw((1,0)--(8,0),linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((1,2)--(6,2),linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((1,4)--(4,4),linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((1,6)--(2,6),linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((2,6)--(2,0),linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((4,4)--(4,0),linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((6,2)--(6,0),linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((1,0)--(1,7),dashed+linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | draw((1,7)--(8,0),dashed+linewidth(0.5)); | ||
+ | </asy> | ||
− | = | + | Imagine folding the scanning code along its lines of symmetry. There will be <math>10</math> regions which you have control over coloring. Since we must subtract off <math>2</math> cases for the all-black and all-white cases, the answer is <math>2^{10}-2=\boxed{\textbf{(B) } 1022.}</math> |
− | + | ==Solution 3== | |
− | < | + | <cmath> \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} |
+ | \hline | ||
+ | T & T & T & X & T & T & T \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | T & T & T & Y& T & T & T \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | T & T & T & Z & T & T & T \\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | X & Y & Z & W & Z & Y & X \\ | ||
\hline | \hline | ||
− | + | T & T & T & Z & T & T & T \\ | |
\hline | \hline | ||
− | + | T & T & T & Y & T & T & T \\ | |
\hline | \hline | ||
− | + | T & T & T & X & T & T & T \\ | |
\hline | \hline | ||
− | + | \end{tabular} </cmath> | |
+ | |||
+ | There are <math>3 \times 3</math> squares in the corners of this <math>7 \times 7</math> square, and there is a horizontal and vertical stripe through the middle. Because we need to have symmetry when the diagonals and midpoints of the large square is connected, we can create a table like this: (Different letters represent different color choices between black and white) | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath> \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|} | ||
\hline | \hline | ||
− | + | A & B & C \\ | |
\hline | \hline | ||
− | + | B & D & E \\ | |
\hline | \hline | ||
− | + | C & E & F \\ | |
\hline | \hline | ||
− | \end{tabular} </math> | + | \end{tabular}</cmath> |
+ | (Note that coloring one <math>3 \times 3</math> square will also determine the colorings of the other <math>3</math> because the large <math>7 \times 7</math> square must look the same when it is rotated by <math>90^\circ</math>) | ||
+ | |||
+ | There are <math>6</math> different letters and <math>2</math> choices of color (black and white) for each letter, so there are <math>2^6=64</math> colorings of a proper <math>3 \times 3</math> square. Now, all that's left are the horizontal and vertical stripes. Using similar logic, we can see that there are <math>4</math> different letters, so there are <math>2^4=16</math> different colorings. Multiplying them together gives <math>16 \times 64 = 1024</math>. Going back to the question, we see that "there must be at least one square of each color in this grid of <math>49</math> squares." We must then eliminate <math>2</math> options: an all-black grid and an all-white grid. <math>1024-2= \boxed{\textbf{(B)} 1022} \\ \phantom{}</math> | ||
+ | -hansenhe | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Video Solution== | ||
+ | https://youtu.be/M22S82Am2zM | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~IceMatrix | ||
+ | |||
− | |||
− | |||
== See Also == | == See Also == | ||
Line 32: | Line 101: | ||
{{AMC12 box|year=2018|ab=A|num-b=14|num-a=16}} | {{AMC12 box|year=2018|ab=A|num-b=14|num-a=16}} | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Category:Intermediate Combinatorics Problems]] |
Revision as of 20:31, 24 October 2023
- The following problem is from both the 2018 AMC 10A #20 and 2018 AMC 12A #15, so both problems redirect to this page.
Problem
A scanning code consists of a grid of squares, with some of its squares colored black and the rest colored white. There must be at least one square of each color in this grid of squares. A scanning code is called if its look does not change when the entire square is rotated by a multiple of counterclockwise around its center, nor when it is reflected across a line joining opposite corners or a line joining midpoints of opposite sides. What is the total number of possible symmetric scanning codes?
Solution 1
Draw a square.
Start from the center and label all protruding cells symmetrically. (Note that "I" is left out of this labelling, so there are only 10 labels, not 11, as ending in K would suggest!)
More specifically, since there are given lines of symmetry ( diagonals, vertical, horizontal) and they split the plot into equivalent sections, we can take just one-eighth and study it in particular. Each of these sections has distinct sub-squares, whether partially or in full. So since each can be colored either white or black, we choose but then subtract the cases where all are white or all are black. That leaves us with .
There are only ten squares we get to actually choose, and two independent choices for each, for a total of codes. Two codes must be subtracted (due to the rule that there must be at least one square of each color) for an answer of .
Note that this problem is very similar to the 1996 AIME Problem 7 https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/1996_AIME_Problems/Problem_7.
Solution 2
Imagine folding the scanning code along its lines of symmetry. There will be regions which you have control over coloring. Since we must subtract off cases for the all-black and all-white cases, the answer is
Solution 3
There are squares in the corners of this square, and there is a horizontal and vertical stripe through the middle. Because we need to have symmetry when the diagonals and midpoints of the large square is connected, we can create a table like this: (Different letters represent different color choices between black and white)
(Note that coloring one square will also determine the colorings of the other because the large square must look the same when it is rotated by )
There are different letters and choices of color (black and white) for each letter, so there are colorings of a proper square. Now, all that's left are the horizontal and vertical stripes. Using similar logic, we can see that there are different letters, so there are different colorings. Multiplying them together gives . Going back to the question, we see that "there must be at least one square of each color in this grid of squares." We must then eliminate options: an all-black grid and an all-white grid. -hansenhe
Video Solution
~IceMatrix
See Also
2018 AMC 10A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 19 |
Followed by Problem 21 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | ||
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions |
2018 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | |
Preceded by Problem 14 |
Followed by Problem 16 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | |
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.