IMO 2009 P5

by utkarshgupta, Mar 6, 2015, 10:32 AM

And another Functional Equation :P

Problem :

Determine all functions $ f$ from the set of positive integers to the set of positive integers such that, for all positive integers $ a$ and $ b$, there exists a non-degenerate triangle with sides of lengths
\[ a, f(b) \text{ and } f(b + f(a) - 1).\](A triangle is non-degenerate if its vertices are not collinear.)

Solution :

Lemma 1 - $f(1)=1$
Let $f(1)>1=c$
Now $1,f(b),f(b+c-1)$ form the sides of a triangle
$\implies f(b)=f(b+c-1)$
$\implies f$ is periodic
Let $a=m(c-1)+n$ and $b=x(c-1)+y$
$m(c-1)+n < f(y)+f(y+f(n)-1)$
But this is a contradiction for a big $m$
Hence the lemma.


Lemma 2
- $f$ is involutive and thus bijective
From $f(1)=1$,
$x,f(1),f(f(x))$ form the sides of a triangle
$f(f(x))=x$ and thus the lemma.


Main Proof

Let $f(2)=k$
But $f(f(2))=2 \implies f(k)=2$

$2,f(k),f(k+f(2)-1)$ form sides of a triangle.
$$\implies 2+f(k)>f(2k-1)$$But since the function is bijective, $f(1)=1, f(k)=2$
$$\implies \boxed{f(2k-1)=3}$$
Now I will inductively prove $f((a-1)k-(a-2))=a$
$2,f((a-1)k-(a-2)),f((a-1)k-(a-2)+f(2)-1$ form the sides of a triangle.
$\implies a+2 > f(ak-(a-1))$
But since the function is bijective, all the values less than $a+1$ have been taken, and $ak-(a-1) \neq (a-1)k-(a-2)$,
$$\implies  f(ak-(a-1))=a+1$$And hence the inductive argument.

Now again using that the function is involutive,
$$\boxed{f(a)=(a-1)f(2)-(a-2)}$$
$3,f(2),f(2+f(3)-1)$ form the sides of a triangle.
Replacing values from aor inductive argument,
$$3+f(2)>(2f(2)-1)f(2)+2f(2)-2$$$$\implies \boxed{f(2)=2}$$
$$\implies \boxed{f(x)=x}$$
This post has been edited 2 times. Last edited by utkarshgupta, Mar 30, 2018, 12:04 PM

Comment

0 Comments

Stay insane,Coz it's your will, labour and pain,which takes you to the top of the mountain.

avatar

utkarshgupta
Archives
- September 2017
+ September 2016
+ July 2016
+ December 2015
+ August 2015
+ December 2014
Shouts
Submit
  • Here goes first post of 2025! Great blog.

    by math_holmes15, Jan 14, 2025, 8:53 AM

  • First post of 2024

    by Yiyj1, Feb 8, 2024, 5:40 AM

  • First post of 2023

    by HoRI_DA_GRe8, Jul 22, 2023, 7:45 AM

  • Nice blog ! Your isogonality lemma is really powerful !

    by 554183, Oct 14, 2021, 8:55 AM

  • Post plss....

    by samrocksnature, Apr 11, 2021, 10:12 PM

  • alas,this is ded

    by Hamroldt, Mar 18, 2021, 4:13 PM

  • Thanks for the nice blog.

    by Feridimo, Mar 6, 2020, 4:17 PM

  • I think this might be silly but ... when should we expect to have another post ?? I am very keen to see it :D

    by gamerrk1004, Nov 4, 2019, 4:54 PM

  • Let's all echo what's written in the blog description - Stay Insane / 'Cause it's your labor, will and pain/ That takes you to the top of soda fountain :D

    by Kayak, Oct 2, 2017, 7:18 PM

  • hey utkarsh jee is over now ... continue your elementary blog pleaseeeeeee!

    by kk108, Jun 17, 2017, 11:19 AM

  • Congrats on becoming a contest moderator!

    by Ankoganit, Mar 9, 2017, 5:22 AM

  • INTERSTING BLOG

    by kk108, Feb 19, 2017, 2:04 PM

  • I have no plans for this blog right now....
    No time here people !
    But lets see....
    I may try some combinatorics :P

    by utkarshgupta, Feb 15, 2017, 12:47 PM

  • Thanks for the nice blog!

    by Orkhan-Ashraf_2002, Feb 13, 2017, 6:34 PM

  • Revive it!!!
    Best blog out there, for sure!

    by rmtf1111, Jan 12, 2017, 6:02 PM

48 shouts
Tags
About Owner
  • Posts: 2280
  • Joined: Jan 4, 2013
Blog Stats
  • Blog created: Nov 30, 2013
  • Total entries: 86
  • Total visits: 39786
  • Total comments: 102
Search Blog
a