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k a May Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
May 1, 2025
May is an exciting month! National MATHCOUNTS is the second week of May in Washington D.C. and our Founder, Richard Rusczyk will be presenting a seminar, Preparing Strong Math Students for College and Careers, on May 11th.

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[*]May 21st, 4:00pm PT/7:00pm ET, Mathcamp 2025 Qualifying Quiz Part 2 Math Jam, Problems 5 and 6, Canada/USA Mathcamp staff will discuss solutions to Problems 5 and 6 of the 2025 Mathcamp Qualifying Quiz![/list]
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0 replies
jlacosta
May 1, 2025
0 replies
a tst 2013 test
Math2030   1
N 24 minutes ago by Math2030
Given the sequence $(a_n):   a_1=1, a_2=11$ and $a_{n+2}=a_{n+1}+5a_{n}, n \geq 1$
. Prove that $a_n $not is a perfect square for all $n > 3$.
1 reply
Math2030
Today at 5:26 AM
Math2030
24 minutes ago
[Sipnayan JHS] Semifinals Round B, Average, #2
LilKirb   1
N an hour ago by LilKirb
How many trailing zeroes are there in the base $4$ representation of $2015!$ ?
1 reply
LilKirb
2 hours ago
LilKirb
an hour ago
2022 SMT Team Round - Stanford Math Tournament
parmenides51   5
N 2 hours ago by vanstraelen
p1. Square $ABCD$ has side length $2$. Let the midpoint of $BC$ be $E$. What is the area of the overlapping region between the circle centered at $E$ with radius $1$ and the circle centered at $D$ with radius $2$? (You may express your answer using inverse trigonometry functions of noncommon values.)


p2. Find the number of times $f(x) = 2$ occurs when $0 \le x \le 2022 \pi$ for the function $f(x) = 2^x(cos(x) + 1)$.


p3. Stanford is building a new dorm for students, and they are looking to offer $2$ room configurations:
$\bullet$ Configuration $A$: a one-room double, which is a square with side length of $x$,
$\bullet$ Configuration $B$: a two-room double, which is two connected rooms, each of them squares with a side length of $y$.
To make things fair for everyone, Stanford wants a one-room double (rooms of configuration $A$) to be exactly $1$ m$^2$ larger than the total area of a two-room double. Find the number of possible pairs of side lengths $(x, y)$, where $x \in N$, $y \in N$, such that $x - y < 2022$.


p4. The island nation of Ur is comprised of $6$ islands. One day, people decide to create island-states as follows. Each island randomly chooses one of the other five islands and builds a bridge between the two islands (it is possible for two bridges to be built between islands $A$ and $B$ if each island chooses the other). Then, all islands connected by bridges together form an island-state. What is the expected number of island-states Ur is divided into?


p5. Let $a, b,$ and $c$ be the roots of the polynomial $x^3 - 3x^2 - 4x + 5$. Compute $\frac{a^4 + b^4}{a + b}+\frac{b^4 + c^4}{b + c}+\frac{c^4 + a^4}{c + a}$.


p6. Carol writes a program that finds all paths on an 10 by 2 grid from cell (1, 1) to cell (10, 2) subject to the conditions that a path does not visit any cell more than once and at each step the path can go up, down, left, or right from the current cell, excluding moves that would make the path leave the grid. What is the total length of all such paths? (The length of a path is the number of cells it passes through, including the starting and ending cells.)


p7. Consider the sequence of integers an defined by $a_1 = 1$, $a_p = p$ for prime $p$ and $a_{mn} = ma_n + na_m$ for $m, n > 1$. Find the smallest $n$ such that $\frac{a_n^2}{2022}$ is a perfect power of $3$.


p8. Let $\vartriangle ABC$ be a triangle whose $A$-excircle, $B$-excircle, and $C$-excircle have radii $R_A$, $R_B$, and $R_C$, respectively. If $R_AR_BR_C = 384$ and the perimeter of $\vartriangle ABC$ is $32$, what is the area of $\vartriangle ABC$?


p9. Consider the set $S$ of functions $f : \{1, 2, . . . , 16\} \to \{1, 2, . . . , 243\}$ satisfying:
(a) $f(1) = 1$
(b) $f(n^2) = n^2f(n)$,
(c) $n |f(n)$,
(d) $f(lcm(m, n))f(gcd(m, n)) = f(m)f(n)$.
If $|S|$ can be written as $p^{\ell_1}_1 \cdot p^{\ell_2}_2 \cdot ... \cdot  p^{\ell_k}_k$ where $p_i$ are distinct primes, compute $p_1\ell_1+p_2\ell_2+. . .+p_k\ell_k$.


p10. You are given that $\log_{10}2 \approx 0.3010$ and that the first (leftmost) two digits of $2^{1000}$ are 10. Compute the number of integers $n$ with $1000 \le n \le 2000$ such that $2^n$ starts with either the digit $8$ or $9$ (in base $10$).


p11. Let $O$ be the circumcenter of $\vartriangle ABC$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$, and let $E$ and $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from $B$ and $C$, respectively, onto the opposite sides. $EF$ intersects $BC$ at $P$. The line passing through $O$ and perpendicular to $BC$ intersects the circumcircle of $\vartriangle ABC$ at $L$ (on the major arc $BC$) and $N$, and intersects $BC$ at $M$. Point $Q$ lies on the line $LA$ such that $OQ$ is perpendicular to $AP$. Given that $\angle BAC = 60^o$ and $\angle AMC = 60^o$, compute $OQ/AP$.


p12. Let $T$ be the isosceles triangle with side lengths $5, 5, 6$. Arpit and Katherine simultaneously choose points $A$ and $K$ within this triangle, and compute $d(A, K)$, the squared distance between the two points. Suppose that Arpit chooses a random point $A$ within $T$ . Katherine plays the (possibly randomized) strategy which given Arpit’s strategy minimizes the expected value of $d(A, K)$. Compute this value.


p13. For a regular polygon $S$ with $n$ sides, let $f(S)$ denote the regular polygon with $2n$ sides such that the vertices of $S$ are the midpoints of every other side of $f(S)$. Let $f^{(k)}(S)$ denote the polygon that results after applying f a total of k times. The area of $\lim_{k \to \infty} f^{(k)}(P)$ where $P$ is a pentagon of side length $1$, can be expressed as $\frac{a+b\sqrt{c}}{d}\pi^m$ for some positive integers $a, b, c, d, m$ where $d$ is not divisible by the square of any prime and $d$ does not share any positive divisors with $a$ and $b$. Find $a + b + c + d + m$.


p14. Consider the function $f(m) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(n - m)^2}{(2n)!}$ . This function can be expressed in the form $f(m) = \frac{a_m}{e} +\frac{b_m}{4}e$ for sequences of integers $\{a_m\}_{m\ge 1}$, $\{b_m\}_{m\ge 1}$. Determine $\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{2022b_m}{a_m}$.


p15. In $\vartriangle ABC$, let $G$ be the centroid and let the circumcenters of $\vartriangle BCG$, $\vartriangle CAG$, and $\vartriangle ABG$ be $I, J$, and $K$, respectively. The line passing through $I$ and the midpoint of $BC$ intersects $KJ$ at $Y$. If the radius of circle $K$ is $5$, the radius of circle $J$ is $8$, and $AG = 6$, what is the length of $KY$ ?



PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected here.
5 replies
parmenides51
Jun 30, 2022
vanstraelen
2 hours ago
[Sipnayan SHS] Finals Round, Difficult
LilKirb   1
N 5 hours ago by LilKirb
Let $f$ be a polynomial with nonnegative integer coefficients. If $f(1) = 11$ and $f(11) = 2311$, what is the remainder when $f(10)$ is divided by $1000?$
1 reply
LilKirb
5 hours ago
LilKirb
5 hours ago
A suspcious assumption
NamelyOrange   2
N Yesterday at 1:30 AM by maromex
Let $a,b,c,d$ be positive integers. Maximize $\max(a,b,c,d)$ if $a+b+c+d=a^2-b^2+c^2-d^2=2012$.
2 replies
NamelyOrange
Thursday at 1:53 PM
maromex
Yesterday at 1:30 AM
Got what it takes to disprove Euler?
4everwise   18
N May 21, 2025 by P162008
One of Euler's conjectures was disproved in then 1960s by three American mathematicians when they showed there was a positive integer $ n$ such that \[133^5 + 110^5 + 84^5 + 27^5 = n^5.\]Find the value of $ n$.
18 replies
4everwise
Feb 20, 2006
P162008
May 21, 2025
2018 Mock ARML I --7 2^n | \prod^{2048}_{k=0} C(2k , k)
parmenides51   3
N May 21, 2025 by MathIQ.
Find the largest integer $n$ such that $2^n$ divides $\prod^{2048}_{k=0} {2k \choose k}$.
3 replies
parmenides51
Jan 17, 2024
MathIQ.
May 21, 2025
Pell's Equation
Entrepreneur   0
May 19, 2025
A Pells Equation is defined as follows $$x^2-1=ky^2.$$Where $x,y$ are positive integers and $k$ is a non-square positive integer. If $(x_n,y_n)$ denotes the n-th set of solution to the equation with $(x_0,y_0)=(1,0).$ Then, prove that $$x_{n+1}x_n-ky_{n+1}y_n=x_1,$$$$x_n\pm y_n\sqrt k=(x_1\pm y_1\sqrt k)^n.$$
0 replies
Entrepreneur
May 19, 2025
0 replies
Diophantine Equation (cousin of Mordell)
urfinalopp   4
N May 18, 2025 by FoeverResentful
Find pairs of integers $(x;y)$ such that:

$x^2=y^5+32$
4 replies
urfinalopp
May 18, 2025
FoeverResentful
May 18, 2025
p+2^p-3=n^2
tom-nowy   1
N May 18, 2025 by urfinalopp
Let $n$ be a natural number and $p$ be a prime number. How many different pairs $(n, p)$ satisfy the equation:
$$p + 2^p - 3 = n^2 .$$
Inspired by https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c4h3560823
1 reply
tom-nowy
May 18, 2025
urfinalopp
May 18, 2025
Perfect cubes
Entrepreneur   6
N May 18, 2025 by NamelyOrange
Find all ordered pairs of positive integers $(a,b,c)$ such that $\overline{abc}$ and $\overline{cab}$ are both perfect cubes.
6 replies
Entrepreneur
May 18, 2025
NamelyOrange
May 18, 2025
Exponents of integer question
Dheckob   4
N May 18, 2025 by LeYohan
Find the smallest positive integer $m$ such that $5m$ is an exact 5th power, $6m$ is an exact 6th power, and $7m$ is an exact 7th power.
4 replies
Dheckob
Apr 12, 2017
LeYohan
May 18, 2025
2017 DMI Individual Round - Downtown Mathematics Invitational
parmenides51   14
N May 18, 2025 by SomeonecoolLovesMaths
p1. Compute the smallest positive integer $x$ such that $351x$ is a perfect cube.


p2. A four digit integer is chosen at random. What is the probability all $4$ digits are distinct?


p3. If $$\frac{\sqrt{x + 1}}{\sqrt{x}}+ \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x + 1}} =\frac52.$$Solve for $x$.


p4. In $\vartriangle ABC$, $AB = 13$, $BC = 14$, and $AC = 15$. Let $D$ be the point on $BC$ such that $AD \perp BC$, and let $E$ be the midpoint of $AD$. If $F$ is a point such that $CDEF$ is a rectangle, compute the area of $\vartriangle AEF$.


p5. Square $ABCD$ has a sidelength of $4$. Points $P$, $Q$, $R$, and $S$ are chosen on $AB$, $BC$, $CD$, and $AD$ respectively, such that $AP$, $BQ$, $CR$, and $DS$ are length $1$. Compute the area of quadrilateral $P QRS$.


p6. A sequence $a_n$ satisfies for all integers $n$, $$a_{n+1} = 3a_n - 2a_{n-1}.$$If $a_0 = -30$ and $a_1 = -29$, compute $a_{11}$.


p7. In a class, every child has either red hair, blond hair, or black hair. All but $20$ children have black hair, all but $17$ have red hair, and all but $5$ have blond hair. How many children are there in the class?


p8. An Akash set is a set of integers that does not contain two integers such that one divides the other. Compute the minimum positive integer $n$ such that the set $\{1, 2, 3, ..., 2017\}$ can be partitioned into n Akash subsets.


PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected here.
14 replies
parmenides51
Oct 2, 2023
SomeonecoolLovesMaths
May 18, 2025
2021 SMT Guts Round 5 p17-20 - Stanford Math Tournament
parmenides51   7
N May 16, 2025 by Rombo
p17. Let the roots of the polynomial $f(x) = 3x^3 + 2x^2 + x + 8 = 0$ be $p, q$, and $r$. What is the sum $\frac{1}{p} +\frac{1}{q} +\frac{1}{r}$ ?


p18. Two students are playing a game. They take a deck of five cards numbered $1$ through $5$, shuffle them, and then place them in a stack facedown, turning over the top card next to the stack. They then take turns either drawing the card at the top of the stack into their hand, showing the drawn card to the other player, or drawing the card that is faceup, replacing it with the card on the top of the pile. This is repeated until all cards are drawn, and the player with the largest sum for their cards wins. What is the probability that the player who goes second wins, assuming optimal play?


p19. Compute the sum of all primes $p$ such that $2^p + p^2$ is also prime.


p20. In how many ways can one color the $8$ vertices of an octagon each red, black, and white, such that no two adjacent sides are the same color?


PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected here.
7 replies
parmenides51
Feb 11, 2022
Rombo
May 16, 2025
weird permutation problem
Sedro   3
N Apr 21, 2025 by Sedro
Let $\sigma$ be a permutation of $1,2,3,4,5,6,7$ such that there are exactly $7$ ordered pairs of integers $(a,b)$ satisfying $1\le a < b \le 7$ and $\sigma(a) < \sigma(b)$. How many possible $\sigma$ exist?
3 replies
Sedro
Apr 20, 2025
Sedro
Apr 21, 2025
weird permutation problem
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Sedro
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#1 • 1 Y
Y by KevinYang2.71
Let $\sigma$ be a permutation of $1,2,3,4,5,6,7$ such that there are exactly $7$ ordered pairs of integers $(a,b)$ satisfying $1\le a < b \le 7$ and $\sigma(a) < \sigma(b)$. How many possible $\sigma$ exist?
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Sedro
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Bump. $\quad$
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alexheinis
10624 posts
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Interesting problem, I don't see a clever solution yet. Here is an idea for a recursive computation: write a permutation $\sigma$ on $[1,n]$ as a word with $1,\cdots,n$ in some order, hence $\sigma=15243$ is a permutation on 5 symbols. We write $f(\sigma)$ for the wellness of $\sigma$ namely the amount of pairs $k<l$ that appear in the same order in the word. Here $f(\sigma)=6$.
Also we write $g(n,k)$ for the number of $\sigma\in S_n$ with wellness $k$. Hence we want to determine $g(7,7)$.

Now return to the orginal problem. Suppose we start with $k$ hence $k******$. The symbol k adds $7-k$ to the wellness hence now we count the permutations on $[1,7]\setminus \{k\}$ with wellness $k$. Since we do not consider the symbol $k$ anymore, we may as well count the number of permutations on $[1,6]$ with wellness $k$. This equals $g(6,k)$.
Hence we have $g(7,7)=\sum_{k=1}^7 g(6,k)$.
Now we can do the same again to find $g(6,k)$. If the first symbol is $i$ then it contributes $6-i$ to the wellness hence $6-i\le k\iff i\ge 6-k$. We find $g(6,k)=\sum_{i=6-k}^6 g(5,k+i-6)$. The lower bound may be $\le 0$, in that case we start counting at $i=1$. This reduces the problem to finding the numbers $g(5,k)$. Etc.

For an explicit computation it is easier to start with $g(1,k),g(2,k)$ and then work your way upwards.
Remark: the wellness counts the complement of the number of inversions.
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Sedro
5851 posts
#4 • 1 Y
Y by KevinYang2.71
@above, I explored the recursive approach somewhat but I found it very computationally intensive. Here is a fairly slick solution that depends heavily on the numbers chosen in the problem statement but to my knowledge does not generalize nicely.

We proceed with a constructive approach and finish by using generating functions and an ROU filter. The key is to note that we can characterize any permutation $\sigma$ of $1,2,3,4,5,6,7$ by a unique $7$-tuple of integers $(a_1,\dots, a_7)$ such that $0\le a_i < 7-i$ for all valid $i$, where each $a_i$ represents the number of pairs of integers $1\le i < j \le 7$ satisfying $\sigma(i) < \sigma(j)$. Thus, we seek the number of $7$-tuples $(a_1,\dots, a_7)$ such that $0\le a_i < 7-i$ for all valid $i$ and $a_1+\cdots + a_7 = 7$.

Now, we phrase this quantity in terms of generating functions -- we want the coefficient of $x^7$ in the expansion of $g(x) = (1)(1+x)\cdots (1+x+\cdots +x^6)$. But notice that $e^{2\pi i /7}$ is a root of $g(x)$. Hence, the sum of the coefficients of the terms of $g(x)$ with degree divisible by $7$ is $\tfrac{1}{7}\cdot g(1) = 720$. Observe that the coefficients of $x^0$ and $x^{21}$ are trivially each $1$, and the coefficients of $x^{7}$ and $x^{14}$ are equal due to symmetry. Thus, the coefficient of $x^7$ is simply $\tfrac{720-2}{2} = \boxed{359}$.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Sedro, Apr 21, 2025, 5:09 PM
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