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k a April Highlights and 2025 AoPS Online Class Information
jlacosta   0
Apr 2, 2025
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0 replies
jlacosta
Apr 2, 2025
0 replies
fractional binomial limit sum
Levieee   1
N 2 hours ago by KAME06
this was given to me by a friend

$\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=0}^{n}{\frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}}}$

a nice solution using sandwich is
$\frac{1}{n}   + \frac{1}{n} + 1 + \frac{n-3}{\binom{n}{2}} \ge \frac{1}{n} +  \sum_{k=1}^{n-2}{\frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}}}+ \frac{1}{n} + 1 \ge \frac{1}{n} +  + \frac{1}{n} + 1$

therefore $\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=0}^{n}{\frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}}}$ = $1$

ALSO ANOTHER SOLUTION WHICH I WAS THINKING OF WITHOUT SANDWICH BUT I CANT COMPLETE WAS TO USE THE GAMMA FUNCTION

we know

$B(x, y) = \int_0^1 t^{x - 1} (1 - t)^{y - 1} \, dt$

$B(x, y) = \frac{\Gamma(x)\Gamma(y)}{\Gamma(x + y)}$

and $\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ for integers,

$\frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}}$ = $\frac{k! (n-k)!}{n!}$

therefore from the gamma function we get

$ (n+1) \int_{0}^{1}  x^k (1-x)^{n-k} dx$ = $\frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}}$ = $\frac{k! (n-k)!}{n!}$
$\Rightarrow$ $\lim_{n \to \infty} (n+1) \int_{0}^{1} \sum_{k=0}^{n} x^k (1-x)^{n-k} dx$ $=\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=0}^{n}{\frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}}}$

somehow im supposed to show that

$\lim_{n \to \infty} (n+1) \int_{0}^{1} \sum_{k=0}^{n} x^k (1-x)^{n-k} dx$ $= 1$

all i could observe was if we do L'hopital (which i hate to do as much as you do)

i get $\frac{ \int_{0}^{1} \sum_{k=0}^{n} x^k (1-x)^{n-k} dx}{1/n+1}$

now since $x \in (0,1)$ , as $n \to \infty$ the $(1-x)^{n-k} \to 0$ which gets us the $\frac{0}{0}$ form therefore L'hopital came to my mind , which might be a completely wrong intuition, anyway what should i do to find that limit

:noo: :pilot:
1 reply
+1 w
Levieee
4 hours ago
KAME06
2 hours ago
ap calculus bc
needcalculusasap45   1
N 5 hours ago by needcalculusasap45
So basically, I have the AP Calculus BC exam in less than a month, and I have only covered until Unit 6 or 7 of the cirriculum. I am self studying this course (no teacher) and have not had much time to study bc of 6 other APs. I need to finish 8, 9, and 10 in less than 2 weeks. What can I do ? I would appreciate any help or resources anyone could provide. Could I just learn everything from barrons and princeton? Also, I have not taken AP Calculus AB before.
1 reply
needcalculusasap45
Yesterday at 1:55 PM
needcalculusasap45
5 hours ago
Learning 3D Geometry
KAME06   0
Yesterday at 7:35 PM
Could you help me with some 3D geometry books? Or any book with 3D geometry information, specially if it's focuses on math olympiads (like Putnam).
0 replies
KAME06
Yesterday at 7:35 PM
0 replies
ISI 2019 : Problem #2
integrated_JRC   38
N Yesterday at 6:37 PM by kamatadu
Source: I.S.I. 2019
Let $f:(0,\infty)\to\mathbb{R}$ be defined by $$f(x)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\cos^n\bigg(\frac{1}{n^x}\bigg)$$(a) Show that $f$ has exactly one point of discontinuity.
(b) Evaluate $f$ at its point of discontinuity.
38 replies
integrated_JRC
May 5, 2019
kamatadu
Yesterday at 6:37 PM
fourier series divergence
DurdonTyler   1
N Yesterday at 6:20 PM by aiops
I previously proved that there is $f \in C_{\text{per}}([-\pi,\pi]; \mathbb{C})$ such that its Fourier series diverges at $x=0$. There is nothing special about the point $x=0$, it was just for convenience. The same proof showed that for every $t \in [-\pi,\pi]$, there is $f_t \in C_{\text{per}}([-\pi,\pi]; \mathbb{C})$ such that the Fourier series of $f_t(x)$ diverges at $x=t$, not to show.

My question to prove:
(a) Let $(X, \| \cdot \|_X)$ be a Banach space and for every $n \geq 1$ we have a normed space $(Y_n, \| \cdot \|_{Y_n})$. Suppose that for every $n \geq 1$ there is $(T_{n,k})_{k \geq 1} \subset L(X; Y_n)$ and $x_n \in X$ such that
\[
    \sup_{k \geq 1} \| T_{n,k}x_n \|_{Y_n} = \infty.
    \]Show that
\[
    B = \left\{ x \in X : \sup_{k \geq 1} \| T_{n,k}x \|_{Y_n} = \infty \ \forall n \geq 1 \right\}
    \]is of second category. (I am given the hint to write $A = X \setminus B$ as
\[
    A = \bigcup_{n \geq 1} A_n = \bigcup_{n \geq 1} \left\{ x \in X : \sup_{k \geq 1} \| T_{n,k}x \|_{Y_n} < \infty \right\}
    \]and show that $A_n$ is of first category.)

(b) Let $D = \{t_1, t_2, \ldots\} \subset [-\pi, \pi)$. Show that there is $f_D \in C_{\text{per}}([-\pi,\pi]; \mathbb{C})$ such that the Fourier series of $f_D(x)$ diverges at $x = t_n$ for all $n \geq 1$. (I'm given the hint to use part a) with
\[
    T_{n,k} : (C_{\text{per}}([-\pi,\pi]; \mathbb{C}), \| \cdot \|_\infty) \to \mathbb{C}, \quad f \mapsto S_k(f)(t_n),
    \]where
\[
    S_k(f)(x) = \sum_{|j| \leq k} c_j(f) e^{ijx}.
    \]
1 reply
DurdonTyler
Yesterday at 6:15 PM
aiops
Yesterday at 6:20 PM
Soviet Union University Mathematical Contest
geekmath-31   1
N Yesterday at 3:48 PM by Filipjack
Given a n*n matrix A, prove that there exists a matrix B such that ABA = A

Solution: I have submitted the attachment

The answer is too symbol dense for me to understand the answer.
What I have undertood:

There is use of direct product in the orthogonal decomposition. The decomposition is made with kernel and some T (which the author didn't mention) but as per orthogonal decomposition it must be its orthogonal complement.

Can anyone explain the answer in much much more detail with less use of symbols ( you can also use symbols but clearly define it).

Also what is phi | T ?
1 reply
geekmath-31
Yesterday at 3:40 AM
Filipjack
Yesterday at 3:48 PM
Sequence of functions
Tricky123   0
Yesterday at 3:17 PM
Q) let $f_n:[-1,1)\to\mathbb{R}$ and $f_n(x)=x^{n}$ then is this uniformly convergence on $(0,1)$ comment on uniformly convergence on $[0,1]$ where in general it is should be uniformly convergence.

My I am trying with some contradicton method like chose $\epsilon=1$ and trying to solve$|f_n(a)-f(a)|<\epsilon=1$
Next take a in (0,1) and chose a= 2^1/N but not solution
How to solve like this way help.
Is this is a good approach or any simple way please prefer.
0 replies
Tricky123
Yesterday at 3:17 PM
0 replies
Dimension of a Linear Space
EthanWYX2009   1
N Yesterday at 2:14 PM by loup blanc
Source: 2024 May taca-10
Let \( V \) be a $10$-dimensional inner product space of column vectors, where for \( v = (v_1, v_2, \dots, v_{10})^T \) and \( w = (w_1, w_2, \dots, w_{10})^T \), the inner product of \( v \) and \( w \) is defined as \[\langle v, w \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^{10} v_i w_i.\]For \( u \in V \), define a linear transformation \( P_u \) on \( V \) as follows:
\[ P_u : V \to V, \quad x \mapsto x - \frac{2\langle x, u \rangle u}{\langle u, u \rangle} \]Given \( v, w \in V \) satisfying
\[ 0 < \langle v, w \rangle < \sqrt{\langle v, v \rangle \langle w, w \rangle} \]let \( Q = P_v \circ P_w \). Then the dimension of the linear space formed by all linear transformations \( P : V \to V \) satisfying \( P \circ Q = Q \circ P \) is $\underline{\quad\quad}.$
1 reply
EthanWYX2009
Yesterday at 2:50 AM
loup blanc
Yesterday at 2:14 PM
Solve this
themathkidthatlikesaops   1
N Yesterday at 1:44 PM by Mathzeus1024
Audrey deposited $10,000$ into a 3-year certificate of deposit that earned 10% annual interest, compounded annually. Audrey made no additional deposits to or withdrawals from the certificate of deposit. What was the value of the certificate of deposit at the end of the 3-year period?

A. $13,000$
B. $13,300$
C. $13,310$
D. $13,401$
1 reply
themathkidthatlikesaops
Mar 15, 2024
Mathzeus1024
Yesterday at 1:44 PM
complex integral with two circle (contour) against each other
azzam2912   4
N Yesterday at 12:18 PM by Mathzeus1024
Source: seleksi onmipa itb 2022
Let $C_1$ be a circle $|z|=3$ with counterclockwise orientation and $C_2$ be a circle $|z|=1$ with clockwise orientation.
If $f(z)=\dfrac{z^4-16z^2}{z^2+3z-10}$, then the value of $\int_{C_1 \cup C_2} f(z) dz = \dots$

ps: i'm confused with the concept union of two contour. how i proceed? The reason behind solution is much appreciated. Thanks in advance!
4 replies
azzam2912
Jul 27, 2022
Mathzeus1024
Yesterday at 12:18 PM
Differential equation ,asymptotic
Moubinool   1
N Yesterday at 11:08 AM by Mathzeus1024
f’’(t)=tf(t), f(0)=1,f’(0)=0

Find limit of $$\frac{f(t)t^{1/4}}{exp(2t^{3/2}/3)}$$when t tend $+\infty$
1 reply
Moubinool
Jul 21, 2020
Mathzeus1024
Yesterday at 11:08 AM
Jordan form and canonical base of a matrix
And1viper   3
N Yesterday at 10:57 AM by Suan_16
Find the Jordan form and a canonical basis of the following matrix $A$ over the field $Z_5$:
$$A = \begin{bmatrix}
    2 & 1 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\
    0 & 4 & 0 & 3 & 4 \\
    0 & 0 & 2 & 1 & 2 \\
    0 & 0 & 0 & 4 & 1 \\
    0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2
  \end{bmatrix}
$$
3 replies
And1viper
Feb 26, 2023
Suan_16
Yesterday at 10:57 AM
Putnam 1938 B2
jhu08   3
N Yesterday at 10:29 AM by Mathzeus1024
Find all solutions of the differential equation $zz" - 2z'z' = 0$ which pass through the point $x=1, z=1.$
3 replies
jhu08
Aug 20, 2021
Mathzeus1024
Yesterday at 10:29 AM
Differential equations , Matrix theory
c00lb0y   1
N Yesterday at 10:19 AM by loup blanc
Source: RUDN MATH OLYMP 2024 problem 4
Any idea?? Diff equational system combined with Matrix theory.
Consider the equation dX/dt=X^2, where X(t) is an n×n matrix satisfying the condition detX=0. It is known that there are no solutions of this equation defined on a bounded interval, but there exist non-continuable solutions defined on unbounded intervals of the form (t ,+∞) and (−∞,t). Find n.
1 reply
c00lb0y
Apr 17, 2025
loup blanc
Yesterday at 10:19 AM
Differentiable function with a constant ratio
KAME06   1
N Apr 6, 2025 by Mathzeus1024
Source: Ecuador National Olympiad OMEC level U 2024 P2 Day 1
Let $\alpha >0$ a real number. Given a differentiable function $f: \mathbb{R^+} \rightarrow \mathbb{R^+}$, let $\gamma$ the curve $y=f(x)$ on the XY-plane. For all point $P$ on $\gamma$, the tangent to $\gamma$ on $P$ intersect the x-axis and the y-axis on $A$ and $B$, respectively, such $P \in \overline{AB}$ and $\frac{BP}{PA}=\alpha$.
If $(20,24)$ belongs to $\gamma$, find all possible functions $f(x)$.
1 reply
KAME06
Apr 5, 2025
Mathzeus1024
Apr 6, 2025
Differentiable function with a constant ratio
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Source: Ecuador National Olympiad OMEC level U 2024 P2 Day 1
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KAME06
151 posts
#1 • 1 Y
Y by teomihai
Let $\alpha >0$ a real number. Given a differentiable function $f: \mathbb{R^+} \rightarrow \mathbb{R^+}$, let $\gamma$ the curve $y=f(x)$ on the XY-plane. For all point $P$ on $\gamma$, the tangent to $\gamma$ on $P$ intersect the x-axis and the y-axis on $A$ and $B$, respectively, such $P \in \overline{AB}$ and $\frac{BP}{PA}=\alpha$.
If $(20,24)$ belongs to $\gamma$, find all possible functions $f(x)$.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by KAME06, Apr 8, 2025, 5:07 AM
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Mathzeus1024
819 posts
#2 • 1 Y
Y by teomihai
Let $P(t,f(t))$ be a point on $\gamma: y=f(x)$ such that the tangent line at $P$ computes to:

$y-f(t)=f'(t)(x-t) \Rightarrow y =f'(t) \cdot x + [f(t)-tf'(t)]$ (i);

of which the $x$ and $y-$intercepts are: $A\left(t-\frac{f(t)}{f'(t)}, 0\right); B(0,f(t)-tf'(t))$ (ii). If $\frac{BP}{PA} = \alpha$ for $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}^{+}$, then:

$\sqrt{t^2+t^{2}f'(y)^{2}} = \alpha \cdot \sqrt{f(t)^{2}+\frac{f(t)^{2}}{f'(t)^{2}}}$;

or $t^2f'(t)^{2} + t^2f'(t)^{4} = \alpha[f(t)^{2}f'(t)^{2} + f(t)^{2}]$;

or $f'(t)^{2} = \frac{[\alpha^{2}f(t)^{2}-t^2] \pm \sqrt{[\alpha^{2}f(t)^{2}-t^2]^2 + 4[\alpha t f(t)]^2}}{2t^2}$;

or $f'(t)^{2} = \frac{[\alpha^{2}f(t)^{2}-t^2] \pm \sqrt{[t^2+\alpha^{2}f(t)^{2}]^2}}{2t^2} = \frac{[\alpha^{2}f(t)^{2}-t^2] \pm [t^2+\alpha^{2}f(t)^{2}]}{2t^2}$;

or $f'(t)^2 = \frac{\alpha^{2}f(t)^2}{t^2}, -1 \Rightarrow f'(t) = \pm \frac{\alpha f(t)}{t} \Rightarrow \ln f(t) = \pm \alpha \ln(t) + C$ (iii).

If $f(20)=24$ is our initial condition, then we obtain:

$\ln(24) = \pm \alpha ln(20) + C \Rightarrow C = \ln\left(\frac{24}{20^{\pm \alpha}}\right)$ (iv);

which finally yields the pair of functions: $\textcolor{red}{f(t) = 24\left(\frac{t}{20}\right)^{\alpha}}$ and $\textcolor{red}{f(t) = 24\left(\frac{20}{t}\right)^{\alpha}}$.
This post has been edited 1 time. Last edited by Mathzeus1024, Apr 6, 2025, 10:28 AM
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