By asking questions of the form "Is the answer to the question 'question' 'da'?" this is equivalent to the same scenario where they are answering in English.

We first determine which one is Random: Ask any of them "Is the answer to the question 'is the statement 'either your your name is Random and you are currently lying or your name is True' true?' 'da'?". He is Random if and only if he answers 'ja'. If he answers 'da', ask the same question to another one. He too will be Random if and only if he answers 'ja', and otherwise the third god is Random. For our third question, we ask a non-Random god "Is the answer to the question 'does 2+2=4' da?". He is not random, so he is True if and only if he answers "da", and otherwise he is False, with the other non-Random god being True, so we know the identities of all three gods, so we are done.

I am not sure how to do it/if it is possible with predetermined questions going to predetermined gods.

I like this way of phrasing the first question (addressed to A) better:

"Of the three statements 'I am True', 'B is Random', and 'Ja means yes', is it the case that an odd number of them are true?"

Obviously, this tells us nothing if A is Random. However, the goal here is to identify any non-Random god, to whom we will ask the second question. So if A is Random, it is safe to ask the second question of either B or C.

Now assume A is either True or False. You can trace through the logic to see that if we get the answer "Ja", then B is Random, while if we get "Da", then B is not Random.

So now we've identified a non-Random god: either B, if A said "Da", or C if A answered "Ja". The next question is addressed to that god, and is exactly the same as the first, except we ask whether or not A is Random instead of B. Now we've identified Random in two questions. The third question can be something like "It is the case that the statements 'You are True' and 'There are three gods sitting here' are either both true or both false?" This will identify whether the god to whom it is addressed is True or False, and we're done.

This seems like a much more complicated variant on one where there are only two gods (True and False), they answer in English, and you have one question to determine, for example, which of the two paths leading away from them leads to certain death. The correct question is "Is it the case that the statements 'You are True' and 'The left path is safe' are either both true or both false?"

Yeah, I've always heard the original one as there are two brothers who guard the fork in the road, one who always tells the truth, the other who always lies, and one nice way of wording a question would be "Would your brother tell me that the left path is safe?"