405. Art of problem solving (algebra).
by Virgil Nicula, Nov 19, 2014, 9:49 AM
E0. Prove that
exists the chain
is equilateral
.
Proof 1. Let
, where
. Thus,
is equilateral 
.
Proof 2. Let the midpoint
of
, where
. Thus,
. Thus,
and
.
is equilateral
.
E1. Let
. Prove that
.
Proof.
so that

.
E2. Find the roots of 2th equation with complex coefficients.
Proof. Let
be a second degree polynomial equation with
and
. Suppose w.l.o.g. that exists at least a nonreal
number in the set
and
, where
and
. Thus,
. Solve
. Prove easily that
, where
and
. From
obtain that
.
E3. Let
be the roots of the equation with complex coefficients
. Prove that
.
Proof.
.
Example. Let
be the roots of
. Find the values of
for which
.
Proof. For
and
obtain that
. Let
. Thus,
. Nice exercise !
E4. Find the minimum value of
, where
and
.
Proof 1. I"ll use the Lagrange's identiy
. Thus, for
and
obtain that
. We"ll have the equality iff
, i.e.
.
Proof 2.
is the equation of
, where
and
and
is a mobile point.
Thus,
is
becomes the projection
of the origin
on
, i.e.
and in this case
.
E5. Prove that
and
.
Proof.

, what is truly. We'll have the equality iff
.
Analogously
, what is truly. We"ll have the equality iff
.
E6. Find the minimum value of
, where
and
.
Proof. I"ll use the Lagrange's identity
.
Thus,
(C.B.S. inequality). We"ll have the equality iff
,
i.e.
. Thus,
with equality iff
.
E7. Find the minimum value of an expression
, where
.
Proof. Let
. Thus,
is
is
and is touched in
, i.e.
. .
E8. Ascertain the minimum value of
for which
has at least one real root.
Proof. Since
can denote
, where
. Obtain that
which for fixed
is the equation of a line in the analytical plane
of the points
.
The distance from the origin to this line is
. The required value is the minimum of
. Obtain that
and
.
E9. Is there an easy way to find two real numbers given their sum and product ? For example, the sum is
and their product is
.
Proof. Prove easily or it's well-known that
exist the identities
.
Thus,

.
Remark. Prove that
, where
.
E10. Find
for which
.
Proof.

.We"ll have
solutions, i.e.
.
E11. Prove that
exists the equivalence
.
Proof. I"ll use the evident property
. Thus, 
.
E12. Prove that
.
Proof.
.
Thus,
.
E13. Calculate the sum
.
Proof. Denote
, where
. We must calculate
. Observe that
and is well-known that
. Thus,

. In the particular case
obtain that
.
E14. Let
and
. Denote
and
. Prove that
.
Proof.
, where
and

.
PP15 (England - NMO - 2008). Solve over
the following system
Proof. Denote
, where
. System becomes 

PP16. Let the "triangle" of all odd natural numbers
. Ascertain 
The first term and the last term of the
line, where 
The sum of the terms from the
line 
Prove that ![$1^3+2^3+\ \ldots\ +(n-1)^3+n^3=\left[1+2+3+\ \ldots\ +(n-1)+n\right]^2\ ;$](//latex.artofproblemsolving.com/e/f/c/efc7f6ec2e1f25eafdb6bbbdabdd6b5b18954b48.png)
Find the "coordinates" of the number
, i.e. find the line that belongs to and where is number the
in this line.
PP17. A polynomial
with rational coefficients leaves remainder
when divided by
and remainder
when divided by
.Find remainder when divided polynomial
by
.
Proof. The polynomial
leaves remainder
when divided by
exists
so that
. The polynomial
leaves
remainder
when divided by
the polynomial
leaves remainder
when divided by 
exists
so that
. In conclusion, the required polynomials
with given properties are ![$f\ \stackrel{(*)}{=}\ (X-1)^2\cdot \left[(X-3)\cdot h+2\right]+(2X+1)=$](//latex.artofproblemsolving.com/1/e/0/1e08dde5bb8939b735dcd0438b96de5dbfb3682a.png)
where
.
PP18. Solve over
the system
.
Proof. Eliminate
.
For
in the upper second line obtain that
, i.e.
. For
in the same equation obtain
that
. In conclusion, the solutions are:
.
Remark. With the general method there are yet two steps:

or
. Denote
. Thus, 
. Since
the final solutions are
, i.e.
a.s.o.
PP19. Let
be a root of the cubic function
. Show that
is also a root of
.
Proof. Let
, where
. Since
get
.
.
PP20 ("instant"). Prove without derivatives that
Proof.
is
is
Observe that
(constant). Hence
![$x=24\in (0,36].$](//latex.artofproblemsolving.com/3/e/9/3e99f8726c9b3445f416d3b8bb6d7e71485a77f9.png)
is
is
Observe that
(constant). Hence
and
what is compatibly.
Remark.
what is true for any ![$x\in (0,36].$](//latex.artofproblemsolving.com/1/3/4/134e31cecf1952dc49da3ad0091520a4589e09a0.png)
what is true for any ![$x\in (0,36].$](//latex.artofproblemsolving.com/1/3/4/134e31cecf1952dc49da3ad0091520a4589e09a0.png)
PP21. Sa se rezolve peste
sistemul format din ecuatiile 
Proof.





Proof 1. Let








Proof 2. Let the midpoint

![$[BC]$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/e/a/1/ea1d44f3905940ec53e7eebd2aa5e491eb9e3732.png)









E1. Let




Proof.








E2. Find the roots of 2th equation with complex coefficients.
Proof. Let



number in the set











E3. Let



Proof.



Example. Let




Proof. For








![$M\in[AB]\iff m\in\mathbb R\ ,\ m\in [-1,0]$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/7/b/8/7b806cfb339a470135d26f1d4be7af7f8335dacb.png)
E4. Find the minimum value of



Proof 1. I"ll use the Lagrange's identiy



![$x^2+y^2=\frac 1{13}\cdot\left[36+(3x-2y)^2\right]\ge \frac {36}{13}\implies$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/8/1/8/818c2476b953ab963a64bc26f51ede855b8ddf08.png)




Proof 2.




![$M(x,y)\in [AB]$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/b/7/0/b7014812a08d516c78eb1d4b88a5b1b83b8fc34b.png)
Thus,








E5. Prove that


Proof.







Analogously





E6. Find the minimum value of



Proof. I"ll use the Lagrange's identity

Thus,


i.e.



E7. Find the minimum value of an expression


Proof. Let








E8. Ascertain the minimum value of


Proof. Since







The distance from the origin to this line is




E9. Is there an easy way to find two real numbers given their sum and product ? For example, the sum is


Proof. Prove easily or it's well-known that


Thus,







Remark. Prove that



E10. Find



Proof.








E11. Prove that


Proof. I"ll use the evident property




E12. Prove that


Proof.




Thus,



E13. Calculate the sum

Proof. Denote
![$S_n=\left(1^2-3^2\right)+\left(5^2-7^2\right)+\ldots+\left[(4n-3)^2-(4n-1)^2\right]$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/7/2/f/72f18ee5337f3cb09632ecdca335fe51ded81d35.png)







![$\sum_{k=2}^n\left[S_k-S_{k-1}\right]=-8\sum_{k=2}^n(2k-1)=$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/6/8/1/68193b63748246a595d1468e1e4e98a6f2e0bcaa.png)








E14. Let





Proof.










PP15 (England - NMO - 2008). Solve over


Proof. Denote






PP16. Let the "triangle" of all odd natural numbers









![$1^3+2^3+\ \ldots\ +(n-1)^3+n^3=\left[1+2+3+\ \ldots\ +(n-1)+n\right]^2\ ;$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/e/f/c/efc7f6ec2e1f25eafdb6bbbdabdd6b5b18954b48.png)



PP17. A polynomial







Proof. The polynomial



![$g\in\mathbb Q[X]$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/a/9/5/a95b6b4a5e8f843eb29e5053fe841c2217d2a88d.png)


remainder







exists
![$h\in\mathbb Q[X]$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/a/7/0/a70411ddca6d6f4cb4c52092ad71df89a5fef3a1.png)


![$f\ \stackrel{(*)}{=}\ (X-1)^2\cdot \left[(X-3)\cdot h+2\right]+(2X+1)=$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/1/e/0/1e08dde5bb8939b735dcd0438b96de5dbfb3682a.png)


![$h\in\mathbb Q[X]$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/a/7/0/a70411ddca6d6f4cb4c52092ad71df89a5fef3a1.png)
PP18. Solve over


Proof. Eliminate




For




that





Remark. With the general method there are yet two steps:












PP19. Let




Proof. Let








PP20 ("instant"). Prove without derivatives that
![$:\ \left\{\begin{array}{ccccccccc}
f(x) & = & x^2(36-x) & \le & f(24) & = & 6912 & \mathrm{for\ any} & x\in (0,36]\\\\
g(x) & = & x^2(6-x) & \le & g(4) & = & 32 & \mathrm{for\ any} & x\in (0,6]\end{array}\right\|$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/a/e/f/aef4ca9a5b7f9dad3e3e937246d7e2ee38225756.png)
Proof.








![$x=24\in (0,36].$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/3/e/9/3e99f8726c9b3445f416d3b8bb6d7e71485a77f9.png)








![$x=4\in (0,6],$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/3/2/d/32d7cbc3c886e64559af5f310db3b60e4b61d177.png)
Remark.




![$x\in (0,36].$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/1/3/4/134e31cecf1952dc49da3ad0091520a4589e09a0.png)




![$x\in (0,36].$](http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/1/3/4/134e31cecf1952dc49da3ad0091520a4589e09a0.png)
PP21. Sa se rezolve peste


Proof.
This post has been edited 61 times. Last edited by Virgil Nicula, Feb 8, 2018, 9:09 AM